??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?

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Title: ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?

1
1

??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????

? a????? ap????e?s?? ?a? d?a?e???s?? ded?µ????
S?st?µata ???e???
S?st?µata ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?a?ad?s?a??? ?a? s??????e? efa?µ????

2
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?????? ??a?e???s?? ?ed?µ????

?? µe???e? p?s?t?te? ded?µ???? ep?ß?????? t??
e??es? ap?te?esµat???? ?a? ap?d?t???? µe??d??
ap????e?s?? ?a? d?a?e???s??.
?a ded?µ??a p??pe? ?a e??a? ???a??µ??a ?ste ?a
ep?t??peta? ? a?a??t?s? st???e??? e????a ?a?
??????a.
?ed?µ??a ????? s???e???µ??? d?µ? ?a? ??????s?
ep?f????? p??ß??µata.

3
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
S?st?µata ???e??? ? a????? p??s????s?

???? t?? eµf???s? t?? ß?se?? ded?µ????, ?
ap????e?s? ?a? ? d?a?e???s? t?? ded?µ???? ?ta?
st?? e????? t?? p????aµµ?t?? efa?µ????.
? ap????e?s? t?? ded?µ???? ????ta? se a??e?a t??
?e?t???????? s?st?µat??.
? a?????s?, e???af? ?a? e??µ???s? t?? ded?µ????
?ta? st?? e????? t?? p????aµµat?st? t?? efa?µ????.

4
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
S?st?µata ???e??? ? a????? p??s????s?
5
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?e???e?t?µata

? p????aµµat?st?? t?? efa?µ???? e??a? ?pe??????
??a t? s?st? e??µ???s? t?? a??e??? t?? ded?µ????,
a?????a µe t?? e?sa????? ?a? d?a??af?? p??
p?a?µat?p?????ta?. ?p?s??, ?at? t?? a?a??t?s?
st???e??? ?a p??pe? se p??t? st?d?? ?a
p??sd????st??? ta a??e?a p?? apa?t???ta? ?a? se
de?te?? st?d?? ?a ???e? p??se?t??? a?????s? t??
ded?µ????, s??d?????ta? ?at?????a t?? p????f???e?
p?? pe??????? ta d?af??et??? a??e?a. ? ?at?stas?
d?s???e?e? ?s? a????eta? ? a???µ?? t?? a??e???
ded?µ???? ?a? ?s? a????eta? ? p???p????t?ta t??
e??t?µ?t??.

6
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?e???e?t?µata

? d?µ? t?? ???e a??e??? ?a?????eta? ap? t?? ?d?a
t?? efa?µ???. ??t? ??e? sa? ap?t??esµa ?a e??a?
d?s???? ? a??a?? t?? d?µ?? e??? a??e???. ??????
f???? pa???s???eta? ? a????? ?a p??ste?e? ??a ???
?a?a?t???st??? sta ded?µ??a. Se µ?a t?t??a
pe??pt?s? p??pe? af' e??? ?a µetaß???e? ? d?µ?
t?? a??e??? ?ts? ?ste ?a d?µ???????e? ????? ??a
t? ??? ped??, ?a? afet???? ?a µetaß???e? ? ??????
t?? efa?µ???? ?ste ?a ??f?e? t? ??? ped?? ?p???
?at? t?? a?a??t?s?, e?sa???? ?a? d?a??af?
ded?µ????. ?? a??a??? a?t?? e??a? ?????ß??e? ?a?
ep????d??e? ??a t?? a?e?a??t?ta t?? ap????e?µ????
ded?µ????.

7
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?e???e?t?µata

?f?s?? ? t??p?? d?µ??????a? t?? a??e???
?a?????eta? ap? t?? efa?µ???, ? µ??f?p???s? t??
a??e??? e?a?t?ta? ap? t?? e??st?te ???ssa
p????aµµat?sµ?? p?? ???s?µ?p??e? ?
p????aµµat?st??. ?? ?e????? a?t? d?µ?????e?
d?s????e? ?ta? apa?te?ta? ? ???s? t?? a??e??? ap?
d?af??et???? efa?µ???? ? ?ta? apa?te?ta? ?
?atas?e?? t?? a??e??? ap? d?af??et?????
p????aµµat?st?? ?? ?p???? ???s?µ?p?????
d?af??et???? ???sse? p????aµµat?sµ?? se
d?af??et??? ?e?t??????? s?st?µata. ?? p??ß??µa
e??a? ?d?a?te?a ??t??? ?ta? ta ded?µ??a
ap????e???ta? se d?ad??? (binary) µ??f? ?a? ???
se a?fa???µ?t??? (alphanumeric, text) µ??f?.

8
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?e???e?t?µata

Se p????? pe??pt?se?? ? efa?µ??? e??p??ete?
p?????? ???ste? ta?t?????a. ? d?asf???s? t??
p??stas?a? ?a? t?? a?e?a??t?ta? t?? ded?µ????
?at? t?? ta?t?????? a?a??t?s?, e?sa???? ?a?
d?a??af? st???e??? e??a? a??et? pe??p????.
?p?s??, se s???e???µ??e? ?e?t?????e? p??pe? ?a
d?asfa???eta? ? at?µ???t?ta t?? e?t??es??.

9
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?e???e?t?µata

St? ?e???? pe??pt?s?, ???e ???st?? t?? efa?µ????
??e? d?af??et??? d??a??µata s?et??? µe t??
p??sp??as? t?? ded?µ????. ? efa?µ??? t?? ?a?????
p??stas?a? t?? ded?µ???? ?ste ?a ap?fe????ta?
d?s??este? ?atast?se?? ap??e?a? ded?µ???? (e?te
?at? ????? e?te es?eµµ??a) st?????µe??? sta
e??a?e?a t?? ?e?t???????? s?st?µat?? e??a?
d?s???a ?at????t?. ?p?p????, e??a? p??? d?s????
?a ???s??µe d?af??et??? d??a??µata µ?sa st? ?d??
a??e??.

10
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?e???e?t?µata

?f?s?? ? ?????? t?? a?a??t?s?? st???e??? ap? ta
a??e?a ded?µ???? ???p??e?ta? st?? ??d??a t??
efa?µ????, ?? d?af??et???? t?p?? e??t?µ?t?? p??
µp??e? ?a de??e? ? efa?µ??? e??a? pe?????sµ????
?a? p??pe? ?a ???p??????? e? t?? p??t????. ??t?
ap?te?e? a??et? desµe?t??? pa?????ta ?aµß????ta?
?p? ??? ?t? e??a? s?ed?? ad??at? ?a p??ß?????µe
??a ta d??at? e??t?µata p?? µp??e? ?a ep???µe? ?a
??se? ??a? ???st??.

11
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
??se?? ?ed?µ???? ? e?a??a?t??? p??s????s?

??s? ?ed?µ???? (database) ap?te?e? µ?a s??????
st???e??? s?et???? µeta?? t??? ta ?p??a e??a?
d?µ?µ??a ?a? ?ata????µ??a µe ?at?????? t??p?.
S?st?µa ??a?e???s?? ??se?? ?ed?µ???? (database
management system) e??a? µ?a s?????? ????sµ????
st? ?p??? ???p?????ta? ??e? ?? ?e?t?????e? p??
p??pe? ?a ?p?st????????, ?p?? a?a??t?s?,
e?sa????, d?a??af?, s???????sµ?? p??spe??se??,
p??stas?a ?a? p????? a??µ?.

12
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
??se?? ?ed?µ???? ? e?a??a?t??? p??s????s?
13
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
??se?? ?ed?µ???? ? e?a??a?t??? p??s????s?

??e??e?t?µata
?e????af? ?ed?µ????
??e?a?t?s?a ?ed?µ???? ?a? ?e?t???????
?p?d?t???te?? ??a?e???s? ?ed?µ????
???stas?a ?ed?µ???? ?a? ???a??µata ???st??
???a??sµ?? ?a?t??????? ???sp??as??
?pe?tas?µ?t?ta

14
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?a?ad?s?a??? ?fa?µ????

??at?se?? T?se??
??ape????? S??a??a???
??a?e???s? ?ta?????? ?ed?µ????

15
?ef??a?? 1 ??sa???? st?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
S??????e? ?fa?µ????

??a?e???s? Ge???af???? ?????f????? (p.?. GIS)
????µes???? (multimedia) ?fa?µ????
??a??t??? ?pe?e??as?a (OLAP)
??????? ?ed?µ???? (data mining)
????t?s? ?????f???a? (information retrieval)

16
2

??sa ?p????e?s??

?e?a???a µ??µ??
?a???t???? d?s???
S?st????e? d?s??? RAID
?pt???? d?s???
?a???t???? ta???e?
???a µ?sa ap????e?s??

17
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?e?a???a ???µ??

?ata????t?? (CPU registers)
???f? µ??µ? (cache memory)
????a µ??µ? (RAM, main memory)
Flash µ??µ?
?a???t???? d?s??? (magnetic disk)
?pt???? d?s??? (CD, optical disk)
?a???t??? ta???a (magnetic tape)

18
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?a???t???? ??s???

? ?st???a t?? µa???t???? s?????? d?s??? ?? µ?s??
ap????e?s?? ?e???? t? 1956 ?ta? ? IBM ?atas?e?ase
t?? p??t? d?s?? µe t?? ???µas?a RAMAC, µe
s??????? ????t???t?ta 5 MBytes.
? RAMAC ?ta? a??et? µe?a??te??? se µ??e??? se
s??s? µe t??? s????????? s??????? d?s????. ??t?
?fe??eta? st? ?e????? ?t? ? s??????? te???????a
ep?t??pe? t?? a???s? t?? a???µ?? t?? bits p??
µp????? ?a ??d???p??????? a?? µ???da µa???t????
ep?f??e?a?, µe ap?t??esµa ?a a????e? ? ??a??t?ta
ap????e?s?? t?? d?s???.
Ost?s?, a? ?a? ?? s?µe????? d?s??? (2004) e??a?
p?? ????????, p?? µ????? se µ??e??? ?a?
ap????e???? pe??ss?te?a ded?µ??a st??????ta? st??
?d?e? te?????????? a???? st?? ?p??e? ßas?st??e
?a? ? RAMAC.

19
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?a???t???? ??s???
20
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?a???t???? ??s???

F?s? a?a??t?s?? µeta????s? t?? ?efa??? p??? ap?
t?? ?at?????? t?????.
F?s? ??aµ???? a?aµ??? ??? ?t?? ? ?at???????
t?µ?a? pe??se? ??t? ap? t?? ?efa??.
F?s? ?etaf???? ?ed?µ???? ? ?efa?? d?aß??e? ?
???fe? ded?µ??a.

21
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?a???t???? ??s???

Seagate Western
Digital Hitatchi
ST1181677LCV WD25000JB
Ultrastar DK32EJ-14
????t???t?ta 182 GBytes
250 GBytes 147 GBytes
?e??st??f? 7200 rpm
7200 rpm 10025 rpm
??s???/?efa??? 12/24
3/6 5/10
?????d??? 24247
16383 -
??a??t?s? (µ?s? t?µ?) 7.4 msec
8.9 msec 4.9 msec
??aµ??? (µ?s? t?µ?) 4.17 msec
4.20 msec 2.99 msec
?etaf??? (µ???st? t?µ?) 47 MBytes/sec
100 MBytes/sec 100 MBytes/sec
?a?a?t???st??? s???????? µa???t???? s??????
d?s???.
????? www.seagate.com, www.westerndigital.com,
www.hgst.com.

22
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
S?st????e? ??s??? RAID

RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive/Independent
Disks
???s? p????? µ???d?? d?s??? ??a ta??te??
p??sp??as? ded?µ????.
????s? t?? a???p?st?a? ?a? t?? a????? se
pe??pt?se?? ß??ß?? t?? µ?s??.

23
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
RAID level 0
24
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
RAID level 1
25
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
RAID level 2
26
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
RAID level 3
27
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
RAID level 4
28
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
RAID level 5
29
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
S??d?asµ?? ?p?p?d?? RAID

????? ap? ta p??a?afe????ta ep?peda µp????? ?a
s??d?ast??? ?ts? ?ste ?a p???????? p?? p???p???e?
d?at??e??, µe d?af??et????? ßa?µ??? a????? se
ß??ße?. G?a pa??de??µa, s??d?????ta? t? RAID 0 µe
t? RAID 1 ????µe µ?a ??a s?st????a (RAID 01 ?
RAID 10) ? ?p??a ??e? ta ?a?a?t???st??? ?a? t??
d?? ep?p?d??. ?µ???? ? s??d?asµ?? t?? ep?p?d??
RAID 0 ?a? RAID 3 d??e? t? s?st????a RAID 03.

30
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?pt???? ??s???

? ?pt???? d?s??? (optical disk) ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
?????? ??a t?? ap????e?s? p????aµµ?t??, a??e???
?e?µ????, a??e??? ????, e??????, ta?????. ?p?s??,
???s?µ?p?????ta? ?a? ?? ??a? e?????? t??p??
pa?a????? a?t????f?? asfa?e?a?.

31
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?pt???? ??s???

??a??????µe d?? t?p???
WORM write-once read-many
Rewritable write-many read-many

32
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?pt???? ??s???

??a? ?pt???? d?s??? WORM ap?te?e?ta? ap? ??a
d?s?? d?aµ?t??? 12cm ? ?p???? e??a?
?atas?e?asµ???? ap? p???a???a???? p?ast??? ?????.
?? p???a???a???? ????? ep??a??pteta? ap? ??a
st??µa f?t?e?a?s??t?? ???st???? ??s?a? ?a?
a??????e? ep?st??s? ap? ?ept? f???? a???µ?????.
?? s??????? p???? t?? ?pt???? d?s??? de ?epe???
ta 1.2mm.

33
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?pt???? ??s???

Se ??a? ?de?? ?pt??? d?s?? ? s??????? ep?f??e?a
t?? ???st???? ??s?a? e??a? ?µ?d?afa???. ? e???af?
t?? ded?µ???? p?a?µat?p??e?ta? µe t? ß???e?a
d?sµ?? laser ? ?p??a µetat??pe? t? ???st??? ??s?a
se ad?afa?? se s???e???µ??a s?µe?a.
?a s?µe?a a?t? a????????? spe???e?d? t?????, ?
?p??a ?e???? ap? t? ???t?? t?? d?s??? ?a?
?ate????eta? p??? ta ???. ?e t?? t??p? a?t?
µp????µe ?a e???????µe ??f?a?? ded?µ??a se ??a?
?pt??? d?s??.

34
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?pt???? ??s???

? a?????s? t?? ded?µ???? p?a?µat?p??e?ta? p??? µe
t? ß???e?a d?sµ?? laser ?aµ???te??? ?s????. ?ta?
? d?sµ? pe??se? ap? s?µe?? t?? ???st???? ??s?a?
p?? e??a? ?µ?d?afa???, ? d?sµ? ?a a?a??aste? µ?s?
t?? ep?st??s?? a???µ?????. ??af??et??? de ?a
?p???e? a????as?. ?e t?? t??p? a?t? µp????µe ?a
d?a????s??µe ta bits t?? p????f???a? p??
pe????eta? st?? ?pt??? d?s??.
?? epa?e??????µ?? ?pt???? d?s??? (CD-RW)
?atas?e?????ta? µe d?af??et???? te?????? ??
?p??e? ep?t??p??? t? d?a??af? ?a? epa?e???af?
???? ded?µ????.

35
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?pt???? ??s???
36
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
?a???t??? ?a???a

?at? t? de?aet?a t?? 1950 ? µa???t??? ta???a
(magnetic tape) ?ta? t? ßas??? µ?s? ap????e?s??
t?? ?p?????st?? main frames.
?? ?a? ap? t?? a???? t?? de?aet?a? t?? 1960 ?
µa???t???? d?s??? ?a??e?????e ?? t? ßas??? µ?s?
ap????e?s?? se µ???? ?a? µe???a ?p?????st???
s?st?µata, ? µa???t??? ta???a s??e???e? s?µe?a ?a
ap?te?e? ??a ?aµ???? ??st??? ß????t??? µ?s?
ap????e?s??.

37
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
???a ??sa ?p????e?s??

?? s?s?e??? µa????? ap????e?s?? (mass storage)
???s?µ?p????? p????? ap? ?as?te? ??a µa????????a
ap????e?s? se s??d?asµ? µe µa???t????? d?s????
??a t?? ap????e?s? t?? ded?µ???? ?at? t??
epe?e??as?a.
?? µ??µe? µa???t???? f?sa??d?? (magnetic bubble
memories) ????? ?a???? ??????? p??sp??as?? (ap? 4
µ???? 7 ms), a??? ?ste???? se ????t???t?ta (ap?
92.000 µ???? 1310.720 bits) ?a? ????? µetaf????
(ap? 50.000 µ???? 5000.000 bps).
?? s?s?e??? ?µ?a????µ?? d?s??? (semiconductor
disks) eµfa??s???a? eµp????? t? 1978 ?a? ??t?te
????? ?????se? s?µa?t??? e?????? ?a? efa?µ??? se
pe??pt?se?? ap????e?s?? ß?ß???????? p????aµµ?t??,
?ata????? ? p??s?????? a??e??? e??as?a?.
??a??????ta? ap? p??a p??? ??????? p??sp??as?
(?p?? 0,5 ms), µe???? ????t???t?ta (?p?? 700 ?b),
?aµ??? ??st?? ?a? ?ata????s? ?e?µat??.

38
?ef??a?? 2 ??sa ?p????e?s??
???a ??sa ?p????e?s??

? ?pt??? ta???a (optical tape) d?a????eta? ??a t?
d??at?t?ta ap????e?s?? te??st??? ????t???t?t?? se
p??? µ???? ????.
??a ???? ?ate????s? e??a? ? a???p???s? t??
?????af?a? (holography) ??a t?? a??pt??? e?d????
s?s?e???, µe s??p? t?? e?µet???e?s? t?? t????
d?ast?se?? t?? ????? ??a t?? ap????e?s?
ded?µ????.
?????, µ?a ???? ?ate????s? e??a? p??? t??
a??pt??? d?s??? p?? st??????ta? st? fa???µe?? t??
pa??de?s?? ??e?t?????? (electron trapping).

39
3

????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??

?at?????e? ???st?? S???
????te?t????? ANSI/SPARC
G??sse? ß?se?? ded?µ????
???t??a ded?µ????
?e?t?????e? S???

40
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
???ste? S???

?p??? ???ste?
???????µ???? ???ste?
??a?e???st??
S?ed?ast?? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
?????aµµat?st?? ?fa?µ????

41
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
????te?t????? ANSI/SPARC

?????? ??a t?? ???sµ? µ?a? ????? ap?de?t??
???????a? ?a? a???te?t?????? ??a ta S???
???tas? t?? ?µ?da? ???as?a? ??se?? ?ed?µ????
(Data Base Task Group) st? s???d??? CODASYL ??a
a???te?t????? d?? ep?p?d?? (1971).
? ep?t??p? ANSI-SPARC (American National
Standards Institute - Standards Planning and
Requirements Committee p??te??e t?? a???te?t?????
t???? ep?p?d?? (1975).
?? ?a? ? a???te?t????? ANSI-SPARC de?
p??t?p?p??????e, ap?te?e? µ?a ?a?? afet???a ??a
t?? ?ata???s? t?? ?e?t???????t?ta? e??? S???.

42
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
????te?t????? ANSI/SPARC
43
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
????te?t????? ANSI/SPARC

? st???? t?? a???te?t?????? t???? ep?p?d?? e??a?
? d?a????sµ?? t?? t??p?? µe t?? ?p??? ? ???st??
"ß??pe?" ta ded?µ??a ap? t?? t??p? f?s????
??????s?? t?? ded?µ????. ? d?a????sµ?? a?t??
e??a? ep???µ?t?? ??a t??? a????????? ??????
??af??et??? ??? t?? ded?µ????, a?????a µe t??
a????e?,
? p??sp??as? t?? ded?µ???? ap? t??? ???ste?
p??pe? ?a p?a?µat?p??e?ta? a?e???t?ta ap? t?
f?s??? ??????s? t?? ded?µ????.
? d?a?e???st?? t?? S??? p??pe? ?a ??e? t?
d??at?t?ta ?a µetaß???e? t?? t??p? f?s????
??????s?? t?? ded?µ????, ????? ?a ep??e????ta? ??
???ste? t??? s?st?µat??

44
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
????te?t????? ANSI/SPARC

???te???? ?p?ped? - ?? ep?ped? a?t? af??? st??
t??p? µe t?? ?p??? ??????ta? ?? ??e?? t?? ???st??
p??? ta ded?µ??a.
???????????? ?p?ped? - ?? ep?ped? a?t? pe?????fe?
t? ?????? d?µ? t?? ded?µ???? t?? ß?s??.
?s?te???? ?p?ped? - ?? es?te???? ep?ped?
pe?????fe? t? f?s??? ??????s? t?? ß?s??.

45
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
S??µa ?a? St??µ??t?p?

? ?????? d?µ? t?? ß?s?? ded?µ???? ?a?e?ta? s??µa.
?? s????? t?? ded?µ???? p?? e??a? ap????e?µ??a
st? ß?s? µ?a s???e???µ??? ??????? st??µ? ?a?e?ta?
st??µ??t?p?.

46
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
G??sse? ??se?? ?ed?µ????

??a ???ssa ß?se?? ded?µ???? ??e? d?af??et???
?e?t???????t?ta ap? ???ssa p????aµµat?sµ??.
??a ???ssa ß?se?? ded?µ???? ap?te?e?ta? ap? t?
???ssa ???sµ?? ded?µ???? ?a? t? ???ssa ?e???sµ??
ded?µ????.
G??ssa ???sµ?? ded?µ???? pe????af? ??t?t?t??,
s??se?? µeta?? t???, pe?????sµ??.
G??ssa ?e???sµ?? ded?µ???? e?sa?????, d?a??af??,
e??µe??se?? ?a? d?at?p?s? e??t?µ?t?? p??? t?
S???.

47
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
?a??de??µa

?ed?µ??a p?? af????? se ?a?a?t???st??? µ??t????
a?t?????t??
G?a ???e a?t?????t? ?????µe t?? ??d??? t??, t??
???µas?a t?? µ??t????, t?? ??ß?sµ? ?a? t??
?pp?d??aµ?.

48
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
?a??de??µa

?atas?e?? p??a?a µe e?t???? t?? ???ssa? ???sµ??
ded?µ????
CREATE TABLE ??t?????t?
AS
(??d???? INTEGER, ???µa CHAR(20),
??ß?sµ?? INTEGER, ?pp?d??aµ? INTEGER)

49
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
?a??de??µa

??sa???? ded?µ???? st?? p??a?a µe e?t???? t??
???ssa? ?e???sµ?? ded?µ????
INSERT INTO ??t?????t?
VALUES (1, 'Peugeot 106 Rallye', 1600, 122)
INSERT INTO ??t?????t?
VALUES (2, 'Citroen Saxo VTS', 1600, 122)
INSERT INTO ??t?????t?
VALUES (3, 'VW Golf', 1600, 105)

50
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
?a??de??µa

?? st??µ??t?p? t?? ß?s?? ded?µ????.
??d???? ???µa ??ß?sµ?? ?pp?d??aµ?
1 Peugeot 106 Rallye 1600 122
2 Citroen Saxo VTS 1600 122
3 VW Golf 1600 105

51
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
?a??de??µa
??at?p?s? e??t?µat?? p??? t? S??? µe ???s? t??
???ssa? ?e???sµ?? ded?µ????. ?a ß?e???? ta
µ??t??a µe ?pp?d??aµ? µe?a??te?? ap? 110. SELECT
FROM ??t?????t? WHERE ?pp?d??aµ? gt 110
52
?ef??a?? 3 ????te?t????? S?st?µ?t??
G??sse? 4?? Ge????