Art

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Art Architecture of the Middle East and North
Africa
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REVIEW of the Middle East

• Canaan/Israel/Palestine
• The Hebrews/Israelites/Jews
• Judaism
• Monotheism
• Abraham
• Jerusalem
• Torah (Old Testament to Christians)
• Graven Image concept
• Christianity
• Jesus
• Builds on Judaism but adds Jesus teachings,
  belief in Jesus as Messiah
• Romans
• Expel Jews, destroy temple in 70 AD
• Persecute Christians but convert in 300s

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History of Islam

• 7th Century AD
• Religion of Islam started by Muhammad, in what is
  now Saudi Arabia. Muslims are followers,
  Islam is the religion.
• 8th Century AD on
• Islamic empire spreads throughout the Middle
  East, North Africa, Spain, Pakistan, India,
  Bangladesh, Indonesia, etc.
• 1453
• Ottoman Turks (Muslims) take over Constantinople
  the Byzantine Empire, renaming it Istanbul.
• 1492
• Christians Ferdinand and Isabella defeat and kick
  out all the Muslims in Spain.

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Art

• Strict rules about graven images meant you
  could NOT make a picture of statue of God, a holy
  person, etc.
• Muhammads face is usually not shown.
• Books can show historical images but they are
  not for praying to.
• Some rules relaxed later in some places, like
  Iran (Persians).
• So, instead, Islamic art focused on REPETITION,
  using
• Geometric patterns
• Arabesques
• Calligraphy

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Geometric patterns
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Arabesques (curved designs)
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CalligraphyFancy Writing
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Islamic Architecture

• Mosque place of worship

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Many mosques feature columns, domes and arches.
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Islamic architecture often uses an atrium plan.
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Minarets are the towers where the muezzin calls
people to prayer.
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Inside, mosques are carpeted and you must remove
your shoes.
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Famous Mosques

• The Kaaba, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

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Famous Mosques

• Medina

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Famous Mosques

• The Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem, Israel

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More Dome of the Rock
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Dome of the Rock Interior
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Famous Mosques

• The Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain

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Other Famous Architecture

• The Taj Mahal in India
• Its a tomb, but it looks like a Mosque.
• Built by Shah Jahan, a Muslim ruler of India in
  the 1600s.

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Other Famous Architecture

• The Alhambra in Spain
• Its a palace (house).

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More Alhambra
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More Alhambra
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More Alhambra
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More Alhambra
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Water

• Because they were a desert culture, the early
  Muslims valued water highly, and often
  incorporated it into architectural design.
• Water is used for washing before prayers, 5 times
  a day.

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Arabic Science Math

• To create such beautiful art works, Arabic
  geometry and math became very advanced.
• They invented algebra.
• Arabic numerals are still used today (0, 1, 2,
  3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
• They were the first to create hospitals with
  quarantine, the compass, lenses, and the first to
  create distilled alcohol as an anesthetic.
• Arab libraries contained math science books
  from all over the world, and helped start the
  Renaissance in Europe.

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Your PROJECT

• Create an Islamic-style Geometric design.
• It must have RADIAL BALANCE.
• You must color the whole thing with RADIAL
  BALANCE with 3 or more colors to get full credit.

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Islamic Exit Slips

• Explain ONE way the BELIEFS of Islam influence
  the ART.
• B. Explain ONE way you used Islamic style to
  create your design.