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The American Nation

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Title: The American Nation


1
The American Nation
Chapter 16
Slavery Divides the Nation, 18201861
.
2
The American Nation
Chapter 16 Slavery Divides the Nation, 18201861
Section 1 Slavery in the Territories
Section 2 The Compromise of 1850
Section 3 The Crisis Deepens
Section 4 The Republican Party Emerges
Section 5 A Nation Divides
3
Slavery in the Territories
Chapter 16, Section 1
  • What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise?
  • Why did conflict arise over the issue of slavery
    in the western territories?
  • Why was the Free-Soil party founded?

4
The Missouri Compromise
Chapter 16, Section 1
  • In 1819, there were 11 free states and 11 slave
    states. Representation in the Senate was evenly
    balanced between the North and the South.
  • Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave
    state. That would give the South a majority in
    the Senate.
  • Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise.
  • Missouri would join the Union as a slave state.
  • Maine would join the Union as a free state.
  • Congress drew an imaginary line across the
    southern border of Missouri at latitude 36º30N.
    Slavery would be permitted in the Louisiana
    Purchase south of that line.

5
The Issue of Slavery in the West
Chapter 16, Section 1
6
The Issue of Slavery in the West
Chapter 16, Section 1
7
The Founding of the Free-Soil Party
Chapter 16, Section 1
  • In 1848, slavery became an important election
    issue for the first time.
  • Many northern Democrats and Whigs opposed the
    spread of slavery.
  • They did not speak up because they did not want
    to lose southern votes. Also, they feared the
    slavery issue would split the nation.
  • In 1848, antislavery members of both parties
    formed the Free-Soil party. Only a few members
    were abolitionists. The partys main goal was to
    keep slavery out of the western territories.

8
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 1
  • The main purpose of the Missouri Compromise was
  • a) to abolish slavery in all of the Louisiana
    Purchase.
  • b) to allow slavery in all of the Louisiana
    Purchase.
  • c) to keep the Union from splitting.
  • d) to keep slavery out of the Mexican Cession.
  • People who favored popular sovereignty argued
    that
  • a) voters in a new territory should decide
    whether to allow slavery there.
  • b) the Missouri Compromise line should be
    extended across the Mexican Cession.
  • c) slavery should be banned completely
    everywhere in the country.
  • d) slavery should be allowed everywhere in the
    country.

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9
Section 1 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 1
  • The main purpose of the Missouri Compromise was
  • a) to abolish slavery in all of the Louisiana
    Purchase.
  • b) to allow slavery in all of the Louisiana
    Purchase.
  • c) to keep the Union from splitting.
  • d) to keep slavery out of the Mexican Cession.
  • People who favored popular sovereignty argued
    that
  • a) voters in a new territory should decide
    whether to allow slavery there.
  • b) the Missouri Compromise line should be
    extended across the Mexican Cession.
  • c) slavery should be banned completely
    everywhere in the country.
  • d) slavery should be allowed everywhere in the
    country.

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10
The Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
  • Why did the slavery debate erupt again in 1850?
  • What was the impact of the Compromise of 1850?
  • How did Uncle Toms Cabin affect attitudes toward
    slavery?

11
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
Chapter 16, Section 2
12
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
Chapter 16, Section 2
  • In 1849, there were 15 slave states and 15 free
    states. California asked to enter the Union as a
    free state.
  • If California entered the Union as a free state,
    the North would have a majority in the Senate.
    The South feared that Oregon, Utah, and New
    Mexico would also soon join the Union as free
    states.
  • Some southerners worried that they would be
    outvoted in the Senate. They said southern states
    should secede, or remove themselves, from the
    United States.
  • Northerners said that California should be
    allowed to enter the Union as a free state
    because most of the territory lay north of the
    Missouri Compromise line.

13
The Slavery Debate Erupts Again
Chapter 16, Section 2
14
The Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
Compromise of 1850
15
The Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
16
Impact of the Compromise of 1850
Chapter 16, Section 2
  • Provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
  • All citizens must help catch runaway slaves.
  • People who let fugitives escape could be fined
    1,000 and jailed.
  • Special courts would handle cases of runaways.
    There would be no jury trials. Judges would
    receive 10 for sending an accused runaway to the
    South and 5 for setting someone free.
  • Response to the Fugitive Slave Act
  • Some judges sent African Americans to the South
    whether or not they were runaways.
  • The act enraged antislavery northerners. It made
    them feel as if they were part of the slave
    system.
  • Tensions remained high because neither side got
    what it wanted.

17
Uncle Toms Cabin
Chapter 16, Section 2
  • What is Uncle Toms Cabin?
  • Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel called Uncle
    Toms Cabin to show the evils of slavery and the
    injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act. The book
    tells the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved African
    American noted for his kindness and piety.
  • How did people react to Uncle Toms Cabin?

18
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 2
  • Which one of the following statements was NOT a
    part of the Compromise of 1850?
  • a) California was admitted to the Union as a
    free state.
  • b) The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
  • c) Southern states that objected to the
    compromise could secede peacefully.
  • d) A strict fugitive slave law required
    northerners to return runaway slaves.
  • Uncle Toms Cabin affected attitudes toward
    slavery because it
  • a) described the cruelty of slavery.
  • b) showed that most slaveholders acted as kind
    guardians.
  • c) argued that northerners didnt really know
    what slavery was like.
  • d) explained why northerners should return
    fugitive slaves.

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19
Section 2 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 2
  • Which one of the following statements was NOT a
    part of the Compromise of 1850?
  • a) California was admitted to the Union as a
    free state.
  • b) The slave trade ended in Washington, D.C.
  • c) Southern states that objected to the
    compromise could secede peacefully.
  • d) A strict fugitive slave law required
    northerners to return runaway slaves.
  • Uncle Toms Cabin affected attitudes toward
    slavery because it
  • a) described the cruelty of slavery.
  • b) showed that most slaveholders acted as kind
    guardians.
  • c) argued that northerners didnt really know
    what slavery was like.
  • d) explained why northerners should return
    fugitive slaves.

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20
The Crisis Deepens
Chapter 16, Section 3
  • What was the goal of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
  • Why did violence erupt in Kansas and in the
    Senate?
  • What impact did the Dred Scott case have on the
    nation?

21
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Chapter 16, Section 3
22
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Chapter 16, Section 3
23
Violence Erupts in Kansas
Chapter 16, Section 3
  • Kansas settlers were to settle the slavery issue
    by popular sovereignty. Proslavery and
    antislavery settlers fought for control of
    Kansas. Abolitionists brought in settlers from
    New England. Proslavery settlers also moved into
    Kansas, and proslavery bands from MissouriBorder
    Ruffiansoften rode across the border into
    Kansas.
  • In 1855, Kansas held elections. Border Ruffians
    voted illegally, helping to elect a proslavery
    legislature. Antislavery settlers refused to
    accept the legislature and elected their own
    governor and legislature. Kansas had two
    governments.
  • A band of proslavery men raided the town of
    Lawrence, destroying homes and smashing the press
    of a Free-Soil newspaper.

24
Violence Erupts in Kansas (continued)
Chapter 16, Section 3
  • Abolitionist John Brown led a band to the town of
    Pottawatomie Creek and killed five proslavery
    settlers there.
  • The killings at Pottawatomie Creek led to more
    violence. Both sides engaged in guerrilla
    warfare, or the use of hit-and-run tactics.
    Newspapers started calling the territory
    Bleeding Kansas.

25
Violence Erupts in the Senate
Chapter 16, Section 3
  • Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was the leading
    abolitionist senator. In one speech he denounced
    the proslavery legislature of Kansas and
    viciously criticized his southern foes,
    especially Senator Andrew Butler of South
    Carolina.
  • A few days later Butlers nephew, Congressman
    Preston Brooks, marched into the Senate chamber
    and with his cane beat Sumner until he was
    unconscious.

26
The Dred Scott Case
Chapter 16, Section 3
  • What was the Dred Scott Case?
  • Dred Scott filed a lawsuit, that is, a legal
    case brought to settle a dispute between people
    or groups. Dred Scott had been enslaved in
    Missouri. He moved with his owner to Illinois and
    then to the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery
    was not allowed. Scott with his owner returned to
    Missouri. When his owner died, Scott claimed that
    because he had lived in a free territory, he had
    become a free man. The case reached the Supreme
    Court as Dred Scott v. Sandford.
  • What did the Supreme Court decide?
  • Scott could not file a lawsuit because, as an
    enslaved person, he was not a citizen.
  • Slaves were considered to be property.
  • Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery
    in any territory. This decision meant the
    Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

27
The Dred Scott Case
Chapter 16, Section 3
28
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 3
  • After Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act,
    violence broke out in Kansas because
  • a) the Kansas-Nebraska Act backed up the
    Missouri Compromise.
  • b) a congressman from Kansas beat up a senator
    from Nebraska.
  • c) proslavery and antislavery forces were
    battling to gain control of the Kansas territory.
  • d) slave owners tried to return Dred Scott to
    slavery.
  • One reason the Supreme Courts Dred Scott
    decision shocked some Americans was because the
    decision declared that
  • a) Congress could outlaw slavery in any
    territory.
  • b) northern African Americans could ask northern
    whites for help to end slavery.
  • c) slaves were property in the same way that
    horses and sheep were property.
  • d) Dred Scott was a second-class citizen.

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29
Section 3 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 3
  • After Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act,
    violence broke out in Kansas because
  • a) the Kansas-Nebraska Act backed up the
    Missouri Compromise.
  • b) a congressman from Kansas beat up a senator
    from Nebraska.
  • c) proslavery and antislavery forces were
    battling to gain control of the Kansas territory.
  • d) slave owners tried to return Dred Scott to
    slavery.
  • One reason the Supreme Courts Dred Scott
    decision shocked some Americans was because the
    decision declared that
  • a) Congress could outlaw slavery in any
    territory.
  • b) northern African Americans could ask northern
    whites for help to end slavery.
  • c) slaves were property in the same way that
    horses and sheep were property.
  • d) Dred Scott was a second-class citizen.

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30
The Republican Party Emerges
Chapter 16, Section 4
  • Why did the Republican party come into being in
    the mid-1850s?
  • What events lay behind the rapid emergence of
    Abraham Lincoln as a Republican leader?
  • How did Americans react to John Browns raid on
    Harpers Ferry?

31
The Republican Party Emerges
Chapter 16, Section 4
  • Who formed the Republican Party?
  • A group of Free-Soilers, northern Democrats, and
    antislavery Whigs
  • Why did they form a new party?
  • They believed that neither the Whigs nor the
    Democrats would take a strong enough stand
    against slavery.
  • What was the goal of the party?
  • Its main goal was to keep slavery out of the
    western territories. A few Republicans hoped to
    end slavery in the South as well.

32
How Abraham Lincoln Became Leaderof the
Republican Party
Chapter 16, Section 4
  • Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky. Later, he
    lived in Indiana and Illinois.
  • Lincoln opened a store in Illinois. He studied
    law and entered politics.
  • He served eight years in the state legislature
    and one term in Congress.
  • He opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, so he ran for
    the Senate in 1858.
  • During the Senate campaign, he debated Stephen
    Douglas seven times.
  • Lincoln Slavery is wrong. African Americans are
    entitled to all the natural rights in the
    Declaration of Independence, so slavery should
    not extend to the territories. However, it can
    remain in the states where it already exists.
  • Douglas The slavery question should be settled
    by popular sovereignty.
  • Douglas narrowly won the election. However,
    during the campaign, Lincoln became known
    throughout the country.

33
The Impact of John Browns Raid
Chapter 16, Section 4
  • In 1859, John Brown led followers, including five
    African Americans, to Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He
    planned to raid a federal arsenal, or gun
    warehouse.
  • Brown took over the arsenal. He expected that
    would inspire a slave uprising, but none took
    place.
  • Troops killed ten raiders and captured Brown. He
    was tried for murder and treason, or actions
    against ones country.
  • Brown gave a moving defense of his actions.
    Nevertheless he was found guilty and sentenced to
    death. John Brown was hanged.
  • To many northerners, John Brown became a martyr
    because he was willing to give up his life for
    his beliefs.
  • White southerners were outraged at the northern
    response. Many southerners became convinced that
    the North wanted to destroy slavery and the South
    along with it.

34
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 4
  • When the Republican party was formed in the
    1850s, its main goal was to
  • a) attract southern support for popular
    sovereignty.
  • b) see to it that Abraham Lincoln became
    President.
  • c) end slavery in all states of the United
    States.
  • d) keep slavery out of the western territories.
  • During his campaign for the United States Senate
    in 1858, Abraham Lincoln argued that
  • a) African Americans were entitled to all of the
    natural rights listed in the Declaration of
    Independence.
  • b) each and every state should decide slavery
    for itself.
  • c) slavery should be decided in the western
    territories by popular sovereignty.
  • d) slavery should be ended in the South.

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35
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 4
  • When the Republican party was formed in the
    1850s, its main goal was to
  • a) attract southern support for popular
    sovereignty.
  • b) see to it that Abraham Lincoln became
    President.
  • c) end slavery in all states of the United
    States.
  • d) keep slavery out of the western territories.
  • During his campaign for the United States Senate
    in 1858, Abraham Lincoln argued that
  • a) African Americans were entitled to all of the
    natural rights listed in the Declaration of
    Independence.
  • b) each and every state should decide slavery
    for itself.
  • c) slavery should be decided in the western
    territories by popular sovereignty.
  • d) slavery should be ended in the South.

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36
A Nation Divides
Chapter 16, Section 5
  • How did the electon of 1860 reflect sectional
    divisions?
  • How did the South react to the election results?
  • How did the Civil War begin in 1861?

37
The Election of 1860
Chapter 16, Section 5
  • The Democratic party split in two Northern
    Democrat and Southern Democrat.
  • Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas.
  • Southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge.
  • Some Americans tried to heal the split by
    forming a new party, the Constitutional Union
    party.
  • The Constitutional Union party nominated John
    Bell.
  • The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln.

38
The Election of 1860
Chapter 16, Section 5
39
How the South Reacted to the Election of 1860
Chapter 16, Section 5
  • Many southerners thought that Lincolns election
    meant the South no longer had a voice in national
    government. They believed the President and
    Congress were against them.
  • Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky introduced a
    bill to extend the Missouri Compromise line to
    the Pacific. He proposed an amendment to the
    Constitution that would guarantee slavery south
    of the compromise line forever. His proposals
    received little support.
  • Other southerners believed secession was their
    only choice. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina
    became the first state to secede. By late
    February 1861, Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
    Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas had followed.
  • At a convention in Montgomery, Alabama, the seven
    states formed a new nation, the Confederate
    States of America. Jefferson Davis became its
    president.

40
How the Civil War Began
Chapter 16, Section 5
  • When Lincoln took office, he warned that no state
    could lawfully leave the Union.
  • Jefferson Davis had already ordered Confederate
    forces to begin seizing federal forts in the
    South.
  • President Lincoln had to make a decision. Should
    he let Confederates take over federal property
    and look like he was admitting that states had a
    right to leave the Union? Or should he send
    troops to hold the forts and risk a war?
  • By April 1861, the Union held only four forts in
    the South. Food supplies at oneFort Sumter in
    South Carolinawere running low. Lincoln notified
    the governor of South Carolina that he was going
    to ship food to Fort Sumter. He said he would not
    send troops or weapons.
  • The Confederates demanded that Fort Sumter
    surrender to them. The Union commander refused to
    give in. The Confederates opened fire. The Union
    troops ran out of ammunition and had to
    surrender.

41
Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 5
  • To many southerners, Lincolns election meant
    southern states had to secede from the Union
    because
  • a) the Democratic party had split in two.
  • b) they believed that Lincolns election meant
    the South no longer had a voice in the national
    government.
  • c) they were looking for a way to compromise.
  • d) they wanted to save the Union.
  • The Civil War began when
  • a) Southern Democrats all voted for
    Breckinridge.
  • b) South Carolina seceded from the Union.
  • c) the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter.
  • d) Lincoln sent a shipload of weapons to Fort
    Sumter.

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42
Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 16, Section 5
  • To many southerners, Lincolns election meant
    southern states had to secede from the Union
    because
  • a) the Democratic party had split in two.
  • b) they believed that Lincolns election meant
    the South no longer had a voice in the national
    government.
  • c) they were looking for a way to compromise.
  • d) they wanted to save the Union.
  • The Civil War began when
  • a) Southern Democrats all voted for
    Breckinridge.
  • b) South Carolina seceded from the Union.
  • c) the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter.
  • d) Lincoln sent a shipload of weapons to Fort
    Sumter.

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