History of ADC

1
HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICTS - Althoff
LEC-02
Chapters 2 3

• History of ADC
• Threats to Human Safety

Innovation Fear
2
Necessary ingredients for wildlife damage to
occur
Wildlife
Resource
Damage
Victim
3
The early days.

• Prehistoric hunters were probably so efficient
  that they often ___________ the wildlife
  populations they hunted
• Hunter-gather types probably _______________ too
  far from the settlement/encampmentand wildlife
  probably kept its distance
• Early forms of wildlife management was evident
  by the burning vegetation to both a) produce
  ______ game and b) to ______________ animals for
  easier hunting

4
For agrarian societies.

• Going back 10,000 15,000 years ago
• Two negative impacts posed by wildlife a)
  during the _________________ b) to stored
  ______________________
• Oral tradition indicates those people employed
  several methods to reduce wildlife damage a)
  ____________ b) ________ c) ________

5
Rodents, early on, were pests

• Most notably, to _____________
• Early efforts were to kill ______________
• Known by 4,000 to 5,000 years ago that Egyptians
  used _______ to reduce mice numbers.and
  during same time period Chinese know to have made
  _______ _____________and inhabitants of Indus
  River Valley used ________________ designed to
  strangle animals.

China
6
Early crop fields were small.

• Because everything done by _________
• Small crops fields could be wiped out quickly by
  wildlife
• Some Native Americans used tall platforms
  positioned in mature corn fields, manned by
  children from dawn to dusk, whose job it was to
  ____________ at birds to scare them away
• Old World (Europe) always used the practice of
  having children deter bird damage to crops

7
Early on, herders had challenges, too.

• Captive animals were tempting targets for
  ________ predatorsespecially when food was
  scarce a) winter b) dry spells
• Becoming effective at keeping large predators
  away was a key for some living a rural existence,
  thus allowing many to ________________ from a
  dependency on hunting to one of herding

8
Human life was threatened.

• In the line of duty, shepherds tried to
  ___________ attacks from lions, tigers, and bears
• Biblical accounts describe a) sheep and goat
  herders defending herds against large
  predators b) some (i.e., herders) were
  undoubtedly killed by large predators c)
  shepherds (i.e., David) killing both lions
  and bearswith a _______. Samson
  was credited with killing a young lion with
  his bare hands

9
Medieval Europe.

• Use of ________________ to control
  rodents paste of honey, copperas,
  and ground glass
  (FeSO4 ) powdered mercuric chloride
  added to paste made from sweet butter,
  oatmeal, apple, pulp, flour, and
  sugar
• Common names of some plants used to control
  damage very suggestive ____________
  kill wolves, foxes, and rodents ____________
  for rats, contains arsenic

10
Medieval Europe.cont

• Laws actually passed to kill offending
  wildlife a) Scotland _____ kill rooks b)
  England _____ ordering nets be set to
  capture jackdaws, crows, and rooks.heavy fin
  e for non-compliance c) England _____
  another act ordering church wardens to pay
  bounties for several species of birds and
  mammals listed as vermin
• Many ingenious traps developed to catch mice and
  rats

11
Medieval-era mouse and rat traps from Mascalls
book published in 1590, p21 in Conover, Fig. 2.2
12
Traps from pre-1590

• Mill to take mice pinwheel that placed on edge
  of table over a bucket of water. Vanes baited.
  Mouse reached for bait, pinwheel moved, mouse
  fell in bucket and drown
• Fall for rats dead fall with heavy block that
  fell when treadle below released string attached
  to block
• Following trap powered by both gravity and
  twisted-cord spring
• Dragin trap early snap trap. Had metal teeth
  with twisted rope that acted as spring. Looked
  like dragons mouthhence name
• Bow Trappe for rats like dragin trap but with
  bow
• Boxe trap guillotine-type, spring-powered rod
  used

13
Psychology warfare. Medieval times

• _________________ left notes, print-side up.
  Request was to vacate the premises
• ______ if letter writing/warnings didnt work
  (and why would they?), then some captured rodents
  were tortured rather than killedthen released
  to warn other.
• Magical potions , spells cast, and rhymes
  written, music even used (Pied Piper
  exampleluring rats to their death)

14
Colonial America 1620 - 1776

• Initially, all wildlife looked at as _________.
  Europe at the time was more orderly, more tame
  with a patchwork of fields, pastures, and woods
• Plymouth Bay colony leader William Bradford
  wrote the area was a hideous and desolate
  wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men.
• ________________________________ to counter,
  the mindset was to subdue, conquer, or vanquish
  perceived threats to their existence/settlement.
  Goal _______! Thus, war was essentially
  declared on wildlife

15
Colonial America 1620 1776cont

• ____________ were exceptionally targeted as they
  threatened livestock
• Early on, there were bounties paid for dead
  wolves, cougars and other predators
• One of the first laws in New Haven colony was to
  establish bounty on wolves and foxeswith the
  intent of not just reducing predator populations
  but to ________________ them
• Bounties ________ even higher when few wolves
  left in an area with the expressed intent of
  eliminating them
• In 1600s, ___________________ were main means of
  predator control. Even some habitat management
  swamps were drained

16
Colonial America 1620 1776cont

• Birds, especially starlings and red-winged
  blackbirds also threatened colonists food
  supplies. Note starlings likely not
  introduced to NA successfully until _________
  in New York city by _____________ fan
• In 1648, New Haven offered 10 shillings for every
  1,000 blackbirds killed
• Colonial farmers targeted _________________
  because of large flocks foraging in the grain
  crops
• Some recognition, though, that some wildlife was
  ____ beaver and deerwith beaver pelts used a
  legal tender.

17
Wildlife Management in U.S. 1776 - 1880

• Still attitude to tame the wild
• Wildlife dual function 1) source of food
  and/or revenue 2) obstacle or hindrance to be
  eliminated
• Westward push dominated by desire for beaver
  pelts, as beaver popn in eastern U.S. greatly
  reduced. So, trappers firstthen farmers
• Farmers perception of wildlife was still
  generally bad. Coyotes along with wolves,
  cougars, and grizzly bears all viewed as
  ___________________________.
• Think post-Civil War era.aim to eliminate Native
  Americans was sought by __________________.
  Unfortunately, that effort was pretty successful

18
Changing views in later part of 1800s

• Transition from conquering the new geographic
  frontier to advent of the industrial revolution.
  Americans reflected on the cost of the
  accomplishment of taming the country a)
  ____________________ (i.e., landscape) b)
  ____________________
• Recognition that the wildlife resources was
  ______ inexhaustible
• Some state legislatures debated enacting laws to
  protect certain species of wildlife (TX bison,
  OH p. pigeons)
• It was thought it was __________ to be
  outdoors, be involved in outdoor recreation
• ________________ became popular

19
Sport hunting early efforts resulted in

• Move to hunt _________ with only sporting
  methods
• Also, call (Henry William HerbertAKA Frank
  Forester) to treat dogs and horses humanely.to
  do otherwise was cruel
• Among those picking up on the ____________
  theme was Theodore Roosevelta member of one of
  the early sportsmens clubs. Of course, Teddy
  became president evidently is well documented
• Federal govt initiated some important policy
  changes.___________________________ established
• Federal govt established in ______ the
  ____________ ______________________________

20
Expanded consciousness about wildlife.

• In America, during the turn of the century didnt
  automatically wipe away the good vs. bad view
  of wildlife in generalwith good being those
  hunted for sport and bad being anything else
• Govt policy was still _________good wildlife
  and bad wildlife
• New emerging philosophy among somethink Henry
  David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson nature
  and wilderness possessed special values of beauty
  and spiritualism
• But, things changed again some with World Wars I
  and II

21
World Wars I and II

• Shift in U.S. from predominately emphasis on
  agriculture production (and agriculture labor) to
  war production (both manufacturing and sending
  people off to fight the wars).
• Concern for livestock waned, concern for wildlife
  ______
• As a result, wildlife damage becomes more
  important during __________ difficult times than
  when life is good
• ____________, Congress allocated 125,000 to deal
  with predatory animalsthis marked the first time
  the federal govt hired professionals to kill
  predators. And, there was little opposition to
  take this approach

22
Key WW-II battle impacted by wildlife damage

• Conover 200231 sidebar 2.5
• Hitler ordered one of his major Panzer (tank)
  corps to break through a Russian encirclement of
  his 6th Army.
• The relief effort failed because many of the
  tanks had been rendered inoperable prior to the
  battle because _____ had eaten through the
  ______________________.
• The result that portion of the German army13
  infantry divisions, 3 panzer divisions, 3
  motorized divisions, and 1 anti-aircraft
  divisionsurrendered. A loss of 250,000 troops
  and all their equipment.

23
A theme repeated.

• The pattern of sacrificing wildlife interests
  for ________ ones is repeated across time and
  throughout the world (Conover 200231)
• Individual human survival almost always placed
  over environmental protection
• Often, wildlife is viewed as a _______and thus
  wealthy nations are more likely to consider
  protecting the environment than poor onesor
  during poor times

24
Suggest you read

• Conover (200231-33) to get a summary of
  perspective of wildlife management in _______
  America that highlights a) era of prosperity for
  Americans b) impact of outdoor
  recreationincluding the large of hunters and
  fisherman c) impact of TV d) advent of
  powerful non-governmental conservation-oriente
  d organizations e) gaining of an environmental
  conscious f) establishment of urban wildlife
  populations g) etc.

25
History of USDA Wildlife Services
Program(Conover 2002 29-30 sidebar 2.4)

• As noted, US govt (i.e., Feds) first got into
  wildlife damage business in _____ with
  establishment of USDA branch of Economic
  Ornithology and Mammalogyalthough initially the
  mammalogy part was not included)
• Initial efforts were to ________ farmers.
• Then ____________ into the problems followed.
• Finally, by _____________ of ADC techniques
• In _____, eradication methods lab was formedin
  Albuquerque, NM

26
Fed ADC agency changes in location name

• In ______, Fed agency moved to Denver and renamed
  the Denver Wildlife Research Center
• In the ______, the center was moved to Fort
  Collins, CO and given the name National Wildlife
  Research Center
• In ______, President Franklin Roosevelt
  transferred what was essentially WS (technically
  Bureau of Biological Survey) from USDA to USFWS
  to consolidate all wildlife- related activities
  in one department. It was then known as ADC

27
Protests from outside Federal govtbut programs
moved ahead

• In _____, Fed agency responsible for predator
  and rodent control was earmarked for 1 million.
• The high amount (1 million for the times) and
  the approach (largely eradicate by any means)
  resulted in _________ from the ___________________
  ________
• But, supporters of the Fed ADC agenda rallied for
  more political support (clearly influenced by
  strong voices of western ranchers) passed the
  ____________________ ______________. a)
  gave Feds authority to conduct ADC activities b)
  gave Feds authority to enter into
  cooperative agreements with state and local
  governments

28
Fed ADC agency changes in namecont

• During the 40s, 50s, and 60sespecially the 60s,
  ADC came under close scrutiny as part of the
  environmental awareness movement because of the
  extensive use of poisons, among other methods. A
  special committee was formed and resulted in the
  ___________________ (lead by A. Starker Leopold,
  Aldos son). It was essentially to look at
  national parks but came up with a series of
  recommendations (see next slide) that were
  accepted as a guidepost. A) ADC program
  was modified B) Jack Berryman names new chief

29
Leopold Report 1963.6 ADC-related recommendations

• Create an advisory board to ADC
• Reassess ADC program goals
• Revise ADCs guidelines for methods and
  assessment
• Increase research efforts
• Obtain legal control of use of certain
  _____________
• Change the organizations name.
• the name change was not made then, however!

30
Another key report_______ Report

• ______ - Stanley Cain chair
• Critical of use of poisons on the grounds that
  they were a) inhumane as used most times b)
  nonselective (i.e., non-target species suffered)
• Recommended more use of leg-hold traps over
  poisons
• Results that followed based on Cain Report
• President Nixon signed an executive order, _____,
  banning use of toxicants for predator control by
  federal __________ on federal ___________
• President Ford amended the ban by allowing use of
  ______________ in M-44s in the mid-1970s
• President Reagan ____________ Nixons e.o. and
  Fords amendment in the early 1980s

31
One more department change and one more name
change.

• During the ______, agricultural stakeholders
  (think ranchers, farmers and industries catering
  to them) felt the ADC as housed within the U.S.
  Fish and Wildlife Service was a) NOT
  _________________ b) NOT getting a ____
  shake in principle or reality
• In _____, Congress legislated that all ADC
  programs be moved back to the ______
• In ______, the federal ADC program was officially
  changed to ___________________ (WS)

32
Threats to Human Safety

• Truly, only a _____ fraction of human-wildlife
  encounters result in human injury or death
• That said, in this age of 30-second sound bites
  and video/media coverage, single events can
  generate lots of attention and emotion

33
Threats to Human Safety

• Three ways people are injured or killed from
  human- wildlife conflicts 1)
  bitten, clawed, gored, or attacked by
  wildlife 2) injured or killed when
  there is a collision of a vehicle (auto or
  plane) with wildlife 3) infected with
  a disease or parasite passed from a wildlife
  species

34
Miracle on the Hudson !!!
35
Why Do Animals Attack People?

• _________________ when the person is viewed as
  prey. Usually only happens when person is
  smaller than the predatorsize matters.
  Sometimes smaller predators attack larger prey
  (i.e., human) by accidentthey misjudge their
  size
• _______________ animal likely feels cornered or
  trapped and response with attempt to defend
  itself. Think bison (horns), coyotes (bite),
  cats (claws), porcupines (quills)
• ____________________ although this behavior is
  usually directed at conspecifics, it does
  sometimes carry over for some species to other
  speciesincluding humans. Ex. would be Canada
  geese, mute swans, and avocets protecting a nest

36
Aggressive territorial behavior can be displayed
by avocets
37
How Frequent Are Attacks?(Conover 200242
Tables 3.1 3.2)
Per year
Non-fatal
Fatal

• Rodents ? 27,000 ?
• Ven. Snakes ? 8,000
  9-15
• Skunks 1971-1972 113 --
• Sharks 1990-1999 287
  5
• Black bears 1960-1980 25
  0.3
• Coyotes LA 1975-1981 1.3
  0.2
• Coyotes YNP 1960-1988 0.1
  0.0
• Cougars US 1890-1990 0.2
  0.05
• Bison YNP 1978-1993 3.7
  0.1

38
Characteristics (Age Sex) of People Injured
byPredators in North America ?(Conover 200247
Tables 3.4)

• Examine Table 3.4 from Conover
• What are the trends? Males or
  females more likely to be attacked? Males or
  females more likely to be killed?
• Children lt10 more or less likely to be attacked
  than those gt20?
• Who more likely to suffer fatal attacks?

39
Number of humans attacked by alligators, cougars,
and bears in the U.S. during recent decades
(Conover 200252 Fig. 3.6)
40
Why the Recent Increase in Wildlife Attacks on
Humans in North America?

• Attacks by alligators, cougars, bears, coyotes,
  and probably bison and moose have increased in
  recent decades
• All are relatively _________ (except for coyote)
• All have exhibited a population __________ from
  the early 1900s (except perhaps moose)
• Human populations have increased AND humans are
  spending more time in _________ areas --note
  backcountry visitor to YNP is 38 times more
  likely to be injured by a bear than a
  normal visitor. For Glacier NP, the figure
  is 84 times.
• Some have ______________ to humansin urban
  settings

41
But why arent more humans attacked?

• Speculation Conover historic memory passed on
  from mothers (of bears, cougars, etc.) to their
  offspring about how dangerous humans are.
  Conover also thinks this will change (i.e.,
  increased number of attacks) as lack of interest
  by hunters or increased passage of laws
  protecting large predators.
• Some evidence erect posture of humans perceived
  by large predators suggest they (humans) are more
  formidable, so the predators pass. There is some
  evidence that cougar attacks are more common on
  people leaning over or squatting than when
  standing tall.

42
Human Injuries Fatalities from Ungulate
Automobile Collisions

• Conover (in ______) estimated number of
  deer-vehicle collisions in U.S. totaled
  ____________.
• What is it more recently? have an estimate
  next week for Ohio or the nation
  ________________
• Decker et al. 1990 Romin 1994 only about ____
  of deer-vehicle collisions are reported, the
  actual number in the U.S. annually is probably
  twice that figure (for 1995) above). Thus, the
  above statistic grossly underestimates the damage
  at least to property

43
Bird Collisions with Civilian Aircraft

• In _____, there were _______ reported bird
  strikes by civilian aircraft in the US.
• What is it more recently? have an estimate
  next week for the US ________________
• Military aircraft are more vulnerable to bird
  strikes than commercial aircraft. Why?
  1) 2) other?