Fig. 7-0a

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Genetic diversity source of variations that
enablepopulations to adapt to environmental
changes
Species diversity important in maintaining
structureof communities and food webs
Ecosystem diversity provides life-sustaining
servicessuch as nutrient cycling and waste
decomposition
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Philippine eagle
Yangtze Riverdolphin
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4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
pH
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
95
1960
65
70
75
80
85
90
2000
05
10
Year
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Smallpopulation
Inbreeding,geneticdrift
Lower reproduction,higher mortality
Loss ofgeneticvariability
Lower individualfitness andpopulation
adaptability
Smallerpopulation
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Results
200
150
Number of male birds
100
Translocation
50
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
(a) Population dynamics
100
90
80
70
Eggs hatched ()
60
50
40
30
197074
7579
8084
8589
90
9397
Years
(b) Hatching rate
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Equator
Earths terrestrial ( ) and marine ( )
biodiversity hot spots
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0
50
100
Kilometers
MONTANA
WYOMING
Yellowstone
MONTANA
NationalPark
IDAHO
Grand TetonNational Park
Snake R.
Biotic boundary forshort-term survivalMVP is
50 individuals.
Biotic boundary forlong-term survivalMVP is
500 individuals.
WYOMING
IDAHO
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Nicaragua
CARIBBEAN SEA
CostaRica
National park land
Buffer zone
PACIFIC OCEAN
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Herringgull eggs124 ppm
Lake trout4.83 ppm
Concentration of PCBs
Smelt1.04 ppm
Phytoplankton0.025 ppm
Zooplankton0.123 ppm
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Pharmaceuticals
Farm animals
Humans
Toilet
Manure
Agriculturalrunoff
Sludge
Farms
Treated effluent
Lakes and rivers
Sewagetreatment plant
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14.9
390
14.8
380
14.7
14.6
370
Temperature
14.5
360
14.4
CO2 concentration (ppm)
14.3
350
Average global temperature (?C)
14.2
14.2
340
14.1
CO2
330
14.0
13.9
320
13.8
310
13.7
13.6
300
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
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(a) Current range
(b) 4.5?C warmingover next century
(c) 6.5?C warmingover next century
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7
6
5
Human population (billions)
4
3
2
1
0
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1000
2000
8000
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
BCE
CE
CE
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2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
2011
Annual percent increase
1.2
Projecteddata
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1950
1975
2000
2025
2050
Year
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150300
1050
? 300
50150
? 10
Energy use (GJ)