Unitarian Universalist History

1
Unitarian Universalist History

• The Unitarians 0 c.e. 1638 c.e.

2
Rise of Christianity

• 1st thru 3rd Century
• Constant fighting
• Small Christian sects with differing views
• Persecution

3
Rise of Christianity

• Roman Empire in 325c.e.

4
Constantine the Great 272-337c.e.

• Rules from 306 to 337c.e.
• Born and lives a Pagan
• Issues Edict of Milan 311 and 313c.e.
• Issues Nicene Creed 325c.e.
• Dies a Christian

5
Nicene Creed 325c.e.

• First Council of Nicaea
• Purpose to standardize Christianity
• Arius vs. Athanasius
• 318 out of 1,800 bishops come
• Nicene Creed issued after nearly a month of
  debate!
• Exile, banishment, and excommunication

6
Arius - 256336c.e.

• Alexandria, Egypt
• Believed Christian theology was being too freely
  mixed with Greek pagan philosophy
• Son / Father (God)
• John 1428 "the Father is greater than I". And
  also Colossians 115 "the firstborn of all
  creation."
• True first-born son
• Excommunicated (Palestine)
• Poisoned

7
The Middle Ages 5th-15th Centuries

• Collapse of Western Roman Empire 476c.e.
• The Crusades 1095c.e.
• Black Death 1347 and 1350c.e.
• Joan of Arc 1412-1431c.e.

8
Europe 1300c.e.
9
A Tradition of Heresy

• Heretic comes from the Greek word hairesis
• Translation to personally select or choose

10
Roman Catholic Church Burning of the Templars,
1314 John Badby burned in a barrel,
1410 Ramihrdus of Cambrai (1076 or 1077)
(lynched) Peter of Bruys ( 1130)
(lynched) Gerard Segarelli ( 1300) Maifreda da
Pirovano ( 1300) Andrea Saramiti ( 1300) Fra
Dolcino ( 1307) (never tried by Catholic
Church), Italy Sister Margherita ( 1307),
Italy Brother Longino ( 1307), Italy Marguerite
Porete ( 1310) Botulf Botulfsson ( 1311), the
only known heretic executed in Sweden Jacques de
Molay (12431314), burned after conviction by a
tribunal under the control of King Philip IV of
France, France Geoffroi de Charney ( 1314),
burned with Jacques de Molay above,
France. Guilhèm Belibasta ( 1321), last
Cathar Francesco da Pistoia ( 1337) Lorenzo
Gherardi ( 1337) Bartolomeo Greco (
1337) Bartolomeo da Bucciano ( 1337) Antonio
Bevilacqua ( 1337) William Sawtre ( 1401) John
Badby ( 1410) Jan Hus (13711415),
impenitent/unrepentant heretic Jerome of Prague
(13651416), relapsed heretic Joan of Arc at the
stake, 1431 St. Joan of Arc (14121431), relapsed
heretic, Rouen, France Thomas Bagley (
1431) Pavel Kravar ( 1433) Girolamo Savonarola
( 1498) Joshua Weißöck (14881498) Jean Vallière
( 1523) Hendrik Voes ( 1523), 1st martyr in the
Seventeen Provinces Jan van Essen ( 1523), 1st
martyr in the Seventeen Provinces Jan de Bakker
( 1525), 1st martyr in the Northern
Netherlands Wendelmoet Claesdochter ( 1527), 1st
Dutch woman burned as heretic Michael Sattler (
1527) Patrick Hamilton ( 1528), St Andrews,
Scotland Balthasar Hubmaier (14851528), relapsed
heretic George Blaurock (14911529) Hans
Langegger ( 1529) Giovanni Milanese (
1530) Richard Bayfield ( 1531) James Bainham (
1532) John Frith (15031533), England William
Tyndale (14901536) Jakob Hutter ( 1536) Aefgen
Listincx (d. 1538) Anneke Esaiasdochter (d.
1539) Francisco de San Roman ( 1540) Robert
Barnes ( 1540), England Thomas Gerrard ( 1540),
England Giandomenico dell' Aquila ( 1542) Maria
van Beckum (d. 1544) Ursula van Beckum (d.
1544) George Wishart (15131546), St Andrews,
Scotland Rogers' execution at Smithfield,
1555 John Rogers ( 1555), London,
England Canterbury Martyrs ( 1555),
England Laurence Saunders, (15191555),
England Rowland Taylor ( 1555), England John
Hooper ( 1555), England Robert Ferrar ( 1555),
Carmarthen, Wales Patrick Pakingham ( 1555),
Uxbridge, England Hugh Latimer (14851555),
relapsed heretic, England Nicholas Ridley
(15001555), England Bartolomeo Hector (
1555) Paolo Rappi ( 1555) Vernon Giovanni (
1555) Labori Antonio ( 1555) John Bradford (
1555), London, England Thomas Cranmer
(14891556), relapsed heretic, England Stratford
Martyrs ( 1556), 11 men and 2 women, London,
England Joan Waste (d. 1556), Derby,
England Pomponio Angerio ( 1556) Nicola Sartonio
( 1557) Thomas von Imbroich ( 1558)
(beheaded) Fra Goffredo Varaglia (
1558) Gisberto di Milanuccio ( 1558) Francesco
Cartone ( 1558) Antonio di Colella (
1559) Antonio Gesualdi ( 1559) Giacomo Bonello
( 1560) Mermetto Savoiardo ( 1560) Dionigi di
Cola ( 1560) Gian Pascali di Cuneo (
1560) Bernardino Conte ( 1560) Giorgio Olivetto
( 1567) Luca di Faenza ( 1568) Thomas Szük
(15221568) Bartolomeo Bartoccio ( 1569) Dirk
Willems ( 1569), Netherlands Fra Arnaldo di
Santo Zeno ( 1570) Alessandro di Giacomo (
1574) Benedetto Thomaria ( 1574) Diego Lopez (
1583) Gabriello Henriquez ( 1583) Borro of
Arezzo ( 1583) Ludovico Moro ( 1583) Pietro
Benato ( 1585) Francesco Gambonelli (
1594) Marcantonio Valena ( 1594) Giovanni
Antonio da Verona ( 1599) Fra Celestino (
1599) Giordano Bruno (15481600), Rome,
Italy Maurizio Rinaldi ( 1600) Bartolomeo
Coppino ( 1601) Edward Wightman ( 1612), last
person burned for heresy in England. Malin
Matsdotter (16131676), for witchcraft,
Sweden Kimpa Vita (16841706), Angola Maria
Barbara Carillo (16251721), Madrid, Spain The
book "Acts and Monuments" by John Foxe, commonly
known as Foxe's Book of Martyrs lists many more
than this. The Church in England Anne Askew
(15211546) Joan Bocher ( 1550) George van
Parris ( 1551) Matthew Hamont ( 1579) John
Lewes ( 1583) Peter Cole ( 1587) Francis Kett
( 1589) Bartholomew Legate (15751612) Edward
Wightman (15661612), relapsed heretic In
Eastern Orthodox The baptism by fire of Old
Believer leader Avvakum in 1682 Basil the
Physician ( 1118), by Emperor Alexius I
Comnenus heresy Avvakum Petrovich (16201682),
by Tsar Feodor III of Russia combating the
Starovery movement Quirinus Kuhlmann ( 1689), by
Tsar Ivan V of Russia considered politically
dangerous Calvinist Church Michael Servetus
(15111553) See also Solomon Molcho (15001532),
apostate. Étienne Dolet (15091546),
apostate. Lucilio Vanini ( 1618),
apostate. Gabriel Malagrida ( 1761),
strangled.1 List of people executed for
witchcraft Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
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Katarzyna Weiglowa 1460-1539

• Married to a Polish statesman
• Converted from Roman Catholicism
• Refused to recant imprisoned for 10 years
• Burned at the stake as a heretic
• Unitarian and Jewish martyr

Bona Sforza presided over the burning ushered
in a new era of tolerance
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Miguel Serveto 1510 - 1553

• A true renaissance man
• Many books and readings on anatomy, physics,
  biology, theology, poetry, etc.
• University of Paris
• Jehan Chauvin no debate
• On the Errors of the Trinity 1531, and The
  Restitution of Christianity 1553

13
Michael Servetus

• Condemned by Catholics and Protestants
• Changes name Michel de Villeneuve
• Correspondence with John Calvin
• Inquisition talks them out of it
• Inquisition Escape!
• 1553 Geneva for a debate?
• Burned at the stake as a heretic
• To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine,
  but to kill a man

14
King John Sigismund 1540-1571

• Father died when he was a baby
• Ruled from 1559-1571
• Edict of Torda 1568
• Francis David argued for the Unitarians, and won
• His beliefs were that faith is the gift of God
  and cannot be forced by power or fear
•  Religious freedom for everyone

15
Francis David 1510-1579

• Successfully argued Unitarian stance in Torda
• Helped to found Unitarian Church of Transylvania
• When King John Sigismund died in 1571, succeeded
  by a Catholic king
• Francis David tried as an innovator in 1572
• Failure to invoke Jesus Christ during prayer
• Non-virgin birth
• Defended by Sozzini
• Died in prison in 1579

16
Fausto Paolo Sozzini 1539-1604

• Family of Antitrinitarians
• Views held
• Christ not pre-extant
• no original sin
• rejects proprietary view of atonement
• predestination in question
• 1598c.e. Sozzini begins publishing in his own
  name
• Mob destroys his home
• Beats him severely

17
The Polish Brethren

• Minor Reformed Church of Poland (Raców)
  1565-1658
• Non-trinitarian Protestant church
• Based on teachings of Arius and Sozzini
• The Racovian Academy 1602-1638
• At least 1,000 students
• Approx. 1 in 5 Polish intellectuals Arian
• After expulsion from Poland, self-identified as
  Unitarians

18
The Polish Brethren post-exile

• The Brethren were exiled in three directions,
  finding asylum in
• Duchy of Prussia - founded new congregations
  there
• The Netherlands
• Transylvania - Unitarian Church of Transylvania
  and Unitarian College in Cluj.

19
Other Heretics

• Jan Hus 1369-1415
• John Wycliffe 1320-1384

• Heretic comes from the Greek word hairesis
• Translation to personally select or choose