SURVEY%20OF%20BIRDS%20OF%20THE%20WORLD

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SURVEY OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD

• Subclass Ornithurae
• Infraclass Odontornithes toothed birds
  (extinct)
• Infraclass Neornithes
• Superorder Paleognathae (Ratites and Tinamous)
• Superorder Neognathae

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Avian Phylogeny based on Feduccia (1995)
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Superorder Paleognathae

• Order Struthioniformes Ostrich, 1 spp., Africa
• flightless walking birds
• long heavy legs with 2 toes
• over 2.2 m tall
• Order Rheiformes Rheas, 2 spp., South America
• flightless walking birds
• long heavy legs with 3 toes
• 1.5 m tall

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Ostrich - 1 spp., Africa
Rheas - 2 spp., S. America
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Superorder Paleognathae

• Order Casuariiformes - Cassowaries and Emus
  flightless walking birds, stout legs with 3 toes,
  up to 1.5 m tall, feathers with long aftershaft
• Cassowaries - 3 spp., Australia and New Guinea
• Emus - 2 spp., Australia

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Emu - 2 spp., Australia
Cassowary - 3 species Australia and New Guinea
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Superorder Paleognathae

• Order Dinornithiformes - Kiwis, 3 spp., New
  Zealand
• flightless, chicken-sized
• long bill with nostrils at tip
• hair-like feathers
• Order Tinamiformes - Tinamous, 47 spp., Central
  and South America
• flying, ground birds
• plump body, slender neck with small heads

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Brown Kiwi - New Zealand 3 species all, N.Z.
Chilean Tinamou - S.Am. Tinamous - 47 spp., C.
and S. America
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Superorder Neognathae

• Order Podicipediformes - Grebes, 21 spp.,
  world-wide
• lobate toes, divers
• Order Sphenisciformes - Penguins, 17 spp., S.
  hemisphere
• web-footed marine swimmers
• wings modified to form paddles
• scale-like feathers
• range as far north as Galapagos Islands (equator)

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Magellanic Penguins southern S. America
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Superorder Neognathae

• Order Procellariiformes - Pelagic Tubenoses, 115
  spp., world-wide
• tubular nostrils, hooked beak, long narrow wings
• Order Pelecaniformes - Pelicans and allies, 67
  spp., world-wide mostly tropical and subtropical
  except cormorants
• totipalmate feet, long fish-eating beaks
• Order Anseriformes - Waterfowl, 161 spp.,
  world-wide
• broad bills, short legs with webbed feet, swimmers

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Northern Fulmar
Black-footed Albatross
Procellariiformes - 115 species, Worldwide
distribution
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Superorder Neognathae

• Order Phoenicopteriformes - Flamingos, 5 spp.,
  Tropics except Australia
• long-legged, long-necked wading birds with webbed
  feet and specialized filter-feeding bill, pink
  coloration
• Order Ciconiiformes - Herons, Storks, Ibises. 120
  spp., world-wide
• long-necked, long-legged waders
• Order Falconiformes - Hawks and allies, 311 spp.,
  world-wide
• diurnal birds of prey, strong hooked bill, talons

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Chilean Flamingo - Southern S. America

• Puna Flamingo
• High Andes of Peru,
• Chile and Argentina

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Superorder Neognathae

• Order Galliformes - Chicken-like birds, 258 spp.,
  world-wide
• short rounded wings, heavy bodies, heavy feet for
  scratching, strong runners
• Order Gruiformes - Cranes, Rails and allies, 213
  spp., world-wide
• Wide variation some long-legged and long-necked,
  others smaller with shorter legs and necks,
  waders
• Order Charadriiformes - Shorebirds, Gulls and
  Terns, 366 spp., world-wide
• strong fliers, many long-distance migrants, toes
  usually webbed

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Superorder Neognathae

• Order Gaviiformes - Loons, 5 spp., Northern N.
  hemisphere
• webbed feet, divers, long bodies, sharp bills
• Order Columbiformes - Pigeons and Doves, 313
  spp., world-wide
• short legs, short neck, plump bodies
• Order Psittaciformes - Parrots, 358 spp.,
  tropical and subtropical
• narrow hooked beak, zygodactyl feet, large
  rounded head

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Superorder Neognathae

• Order Coliiformes - Mousebirds, 6 spp., Africa
• small, crested, gray or brown birds with long
  tails, first and fourth toes are reversible,
  mainly frugivorous and travel in flocks
• Order Musophagiformes - Turacos, 23 spp., Africa
• medium-sized arboreal birds, superficially
  resemble slim chicken with a long tail, mostly
  vegetarian diet
• Order Cuculiformes - Cuckoos and allies, 143
  spp., world-wide
• zygodactyl feet with reversible outer toe, many
  are brood parasites

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Mousebird - Africa, 6 spp.
Turaco - Africa, 23 spp.
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Superorder Neognathae

• Order Strigiformes - Owls, 178 spp., world-wide
• nocturnal birds of prey, large eyes, powerful
  hooked beak and talons
• Order Caprimulgiformes - Nightjars and allies,
  113 spp., world-wide
• cryptic plumage, wide mouths with insect-netting
  bristles, small legs and feet, crepuscular or
  nocturnal
• Order Apodiformes - Hummingbirds and Swifts, 422
  spp., world-wide Hummers in C. S. Am.
• small birds with short legs and small feet,
  pointed wings swifts with short, weak bills
  Hummers with long, slender bills

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Announcements

• Lab Exam 1 next Wednesday Feb. 10
• Topography through Waterfowl (Labs 1-3)
• A couple questions from the videos
• Lecture Exam 1 moved from Wed. Feb 17 to Monday
  Feb. 22
• Will cover material through Circulation and
  Respiration

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Superorder Neognathae

• Order Trogoniformes - Trogons, 39 spp., Tropical
  regions (greatest diversity in Neotropics)
• short stout bill, small weak zygodactyl feet,
  long tails, richly colored irridescent plumage
• Order Coraciiformes - Kingfishers, Motmots,
  Bee-eaters, Hornbills, 218 spp.,world-wide
• strong prominent bills, colorful plumage,
  cavity-nesters, toes 3 4 joined at base
• Order Piciformes - Woodpeckers, Toucans and
  allies, 410 spp., world-wide
• zygodactyl feet, highly specialized bills,
  cavity-nesters

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Resplendent Quetzal
Elegant Trogon
Trogoniformes - Trogons, 39 spp., Tropical regions
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Bee-eater (Old World)
Tody (West Indies)
Hoopoe (Europe, Africa)
Hornbill (Africa)
Motmot (New World Tropics)
Coraciiformes - 218 species, worldwide
distribution
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Barbet (Tropics)
Jacamar (New World Tropics)
Toucan (New World Tropics)
Puffbird (New World Tropics)
Perching Piciformes
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Other Classification Schemes place

• Some classification schemes place Sandgrouse in
  their own Order Pteroclidiformes or with the
  Orders Columbiformes or Charadriiformes.
• There are 16 spp. in Asia and Africa, inhabit
  plains and deserts. Superficially they appear
  pigeon-like.
• The traditional classification schemes have
  placed flamingos in the Ciconiiformes along with
  the herons, storks, and ibises.
• Some classification schemes split hummingbirds
  and swifts into separate Orders, Trochiliformes
  and Apodiformes, respectively.

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Sandgrouse - 16 spp., Asia and Africa plains and
deserts
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Superorder Neognathae

• Order Passeriformes - Songbirds (Perching birds),
  about 5700 spp. (gt 50 of all birds), world-wide
• Divided into primitive Suboscine Suborder
  (Tyranni) and advanced Oscine Suborder (Passeres)
  - Oscines with better vocalizations because of
  highly developed syrinx
• Feet adapted for perching (3 in front, 1 in back)
• Wing with 9 or 10 primaries
• Unique palate and sperm structure
• Very altricial hatchlings

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Songbird Classification

• Two main divisions
• Primitive Suboscines
• Advanced Oscines
• Primitive Suboscine songbird group dominant in
  South America
• Advanced Oscine songbird group outcompetes
  Suboscines and are dominant everywhere else

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(No Transcript)
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Research Project

• Why are Suboscines dominant in South America?
• South America isolated from other continents

Suggested dispersal routes of main passerine
groups from Gondwana
Ericson et al. 2003. J. Avian Biol. 343-15
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Research Project

• Why do Oscines outcompete Suboscines?
• One hypothesis Metabolic Capacity Hypothesis
  Suboscines have restrictive tropical physiology
  (Feduccia 1999)
• Tested hypothesis by measuring max MR in cold
• Prediction If hypothesis valid, Oscines should
  have higher MR than Suboscines
• Why Chile? High proportion of Suboscines and
  temperate climate

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Oscines with significantly higher MR - Supports
metabolic rate hypothesis
Oscine Slope 0.67, R20.762 Suboscine Slope
0.84, R20.729