CAROL%20GILLIGAN

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CAROL GILLIGAN

• 1936 - present

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PIONEER OF GENDER STUDIES

• Worked with Erik Erikson
• Did research with Lawrence Kohlberg
• Criticized Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development
• Famous for her work in psychological and moral
  development of girls
• Taught at Harvard for 30 years was first
  professor of gender studies there

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Model Intervention Prevention Projects

• Strengthening Healthy Resistance Courage in
  Girls Programs
• Women Teaching Girls/Girls teaching Women
  Retreats
• In Our Own Voices Workshops
• Harvard Project on Womens Psychology Girls
  Development

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MORALITY AND GENDER

• Male approach is that individuals have basic
  rights and one must respect the rights of others
• Morality imposes restrictions on what once can do
• Justice orientation

• Female approach is that people have
  responsibilities towards others
• Morality is an imperative to care for others
• Responsibility orientation

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STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

• Selfish Stage
• Belief in Conventional Morality
• 3. Post-Conventional Stage

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MORE ABOUT STAGES

• Young girls start out with a selfish orientation
  then learn to care for others
• Women learn that it is wrong to act in their own
  interests others interests are more important
• Learn that it is just as wrong to ignore their
  own interests as it is to ignore others
  interests learn this through connecting with
  others

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In a Different Voice

• Classic groundbreaking work
• Women are different from men should not be
  studied with the same criteria
• Criticized Freud Kohlberg

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THE IMPORTANCE OF VOICE

• To have a voice is to be human. To have something
  to say is to be a person. But speaking depends on
  listening and being heard it is an intensely
  relational act. By voice I mean something like
  what people mean when they speak of the core of
  the self. Voice is natural and also cultural. It
  is composed of breath and sound, words, rhythm,
  and language. and voice is a powerful
  psychological instrument and channel, connecting
  inner and outer worlds. (p. xvi)

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QUOTES

• The elusive mystery of women's development lies
  in its recognition of the continuing importance
  of attachment in the human life cycle. (p. 23)
• As we have listened for centuries to the voices
  of men and the theories of development that their
  experience informs, so we have come more recently
  to notice not only the silence of women but the
  difficulty in hearing what they say when they
  speak. Yet in the different voice of women lies
  the truth of an ethic of care, the tie between
  relationship and responsibility, and the origins
  of aggression in the failure of connection. (p.
  174)

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ANOTHER QUOTE

• Joining this understanding of women's
  psychological development with theories of human
  development which turn out to be theories about
  men, I have arrived at the following working
  theory that the relational crisis which men
  typically experience in early childhood occurs
  for women in adolescence, that this relational
  crisis in boys and girls involves a disconnection
  from women which is essential to the perpetuation
  of patriarchal societies, and that women's
  psychological development is potentially
  revolutionary not only because of women's
  situation but also because of girls' resistance.
  (p. xxiii)