WEL-COME

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WEL-COME
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THE HISTORY OF CONCRETE AND ITS RECENT DEVELOPMENT

• SIDDHARTH SHANKAR
• LECTURER
• IOE,PULCHOWK CAMPUS
• CHIEF,CMTL

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• Concrete is composed mainly of cement (commonly
  Portland cement), aggregate, water, and chemical
  admixtures.

Portland Cement
Coarse Aggregate
Chemical Admixtures
Fine Aggregate
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Concrete has deep roots in history Wall at
Palestrina, Italy, 1st Century BC
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Roman Aqueduct Pantheon
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Concrete

• The word concrete originates from the Latin
  verb concretus, which means to grow together.
• Concrete is most widly use construction material
  and it is mixture of cement,sand,aggregate and
  water.

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Advantage of Concrete

• We have the ability to cast desired shapes
• Arches, piers, columns, shells
• Properties can be tailored according to need
  (strength, durability, etc.)
• Ability to resist high temperatures
• Will maintain structural integrity far longer
  than structural steel
• Does not require protective coatings
• Can be an architectural structural member at
  the same time

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3000 BCEgyptian Pyramids
The Egyptians were using early forms of concrete
over 5000 years ago to build pyramids. They mixed
mud and straw to form bricks and used gypsum and
lime to make mortars.
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300 BC - 476 ADRoman Architecture The ancient
Romans used a material that is remarkably close
to modern cement to build many of their
architectural marvels, such as the Colosseum, and
the Pantheon. The Romans also used animal
products in their cement as an early form of
admixtures.
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1824Portland Cement Invented Joseph Aspdin of
England is credited with the invention of modern
portland cement. He named his cement portland,
after a rock quary that produced very strong
stone. Photo courtesy of Concrete Thinking.
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1836Cement Testing The first test of tensile and
compressive strength took place in Germany.
Photo courtesy of Portland Cement Association.
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1889 Alvord Lake Bridge The first concrete
reinforced bridge was built in San Francisco. The
bridge still exists today. Photo coutesy of
Portland Cement Association.
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1891 Concrete Street The first American concrete
street was built in Bellefontaine, Ohio. Photo
courtesy of www.waymarking.com.
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1903The Ingalls Building The first concrete high
rise was built in Cincinnati, Ohio. This building
has sixteen stories and was a great engineering
feat of its time. Photo courtesy of Emporis
Buildings.
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1908Concrete Homes Thomas Edison designed and
built the first concrete homes in Union, New
Jersey. Photo courtesy of flyingmoose.org.
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1913Ready Mix The first load of ready mix was
delivered in Baltimore, Maryland. Photo courtesy
of Kuhlman Corp.
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1915Colored Concrete Lynn Mason Scofield founded
L.M. Scofield, the first company to produce color
for concrete. Photo courtesy of
www.concreteconstruction.net.
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1930Air Entraining Agents Air entraining agents
were used for the first time in cement to resist
against damage from freezing and thawing.
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1936Hoover Dam The Hoover Dam was built along
the Colorado River, bordering Arizona and Nevada.
It was the largest scale concrete project ever
completed.
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1938Concrete Overlay John Crossfield added latex
to portland cement, aggregate, and other
materials to make coverings for ship decks.
Photo on right of modern concrete overlay,
courtesy of Milagro Custom Flooring Solutions,
LLC.
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1950'sDecorative Concrete Developed Brad Bowman
developed the Bomanite process in the mid 1950's
in Monterey, California. (Courtesy of
bomanite.com).
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1967Concrete Sports Dome The first concrete
domed sports arena, known as the Assembly Hall,
was built at the University of Illinois.
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1970'sFiber Reinforcement Fiber reinforcement
was introduced as a way to strengthen concrete.
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1980'sConcrete Countertops Buddy Rhodes, the
father of the concrete countertop, cast his first
countertop in the mid '80s. (Photo courtesy of
Cheng Design.)
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1990Concrete Engraving Darrel Adamson designed
the Engrave-A-Crete System.
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1992Tallest Concrete Building The tallest
reinforced concrete building was built in
Chicago, Illinois. The 65-story building is known
only by its street address.
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1999Polished Concrete The first installation of
a polished concrete floor in the US was a
40,000-square-foot warehouse floor for the
Bellagio in Las Vegas. (Photo courtesy of
HTC-America.)
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The Cement and Concrete Industry

• Cement and Concrete manufacturing

Sand
Clay
Gypsum
Gravel
Lime
Clinker
Cement
Mixer
Mill
Kiln
Additions
Iron
Admixtures
Water
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Types of Concrete

• There are various types of concrete for different
  applications that are created by changing the
  proportions of the main ingredients.
• The mix design depends on the type of structure
  being built, how the concrete will be mixed and
  delivered, and how it will be placed to form the
  structure.
• Examples include
• Regular concrete
• Pre-Mixed concrete
• High-strength concrete
• Stamped concrete
• High-Performance concrete
• UHPC (Ultra-High Performance Concrete)
• Self-consolidating concretes
• Vacuum concretes
• Shotcrete
• Cellular concrete
• Roller-compacted concrete
• Glass concrete
• Asphalt concrete

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LATEST TREND IN CONCRETE

• ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE
• ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
• FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
• CELLULAR CONCRETE
• SHOTCRETE
• SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
• FLOWABLE CONCRETE

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Admixtures and Properties
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Polypropylene Fibers

• Background
• Polypropylene is a recent additive to cement as
  of the 1960s, whereas other fibers are underway
  of being tested strength wise for concrete.

• Properties
• When regular concrete is under a great amount of
  compression it will spilt and deform on the spot
  into separate pieces once it reaches its greatest
  tensile load. Mixing sporadically polypropylene
  fibers into the cement will balance this effect
  by attaching to the other piece that wants to
  spilt away and maintain both sides for a longer
  duration.

• Benefits
• With the addition of polypropylene fiber in the
  mixture of concrete it enhances the toughness and
  tensile strength. When concrete is by itself it
  has the tendency to be very brittle especially in
  the area of a tensile test which is where the
  fibers come into play to build in where regular
  concrete lags, which can increase the compressive
  strength to a dramatic level.
• In coastal areas there is a high concentration of
  chloride ions from the salty air, this creates
  corrosion with the steel product which produces
  rust as a result. This rust has the capacity to
  expand four to ten times larger than the iron
  causing a large expansion which makes crakes and
  voids. Polypropylene fibers now are underway in
  replacing the reinforcing steel in concrete,
  which has a much greater strength and can reach
  up to 20k psi.

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Nanotechnology in Concrete

• Nano-catalysts to reduce clinkering temperature
  in cement production
• Silicon dioxide nano-particles (nanosilica) for
  ultra-high strength concrete
• Incorporation of carbon nano-tubes into cement
  matrix would result in stronger, ductile, more
  energy absorbing concrete
• Eco-binders (MgO, geopolymers, etc) modified by
  nano-particles with substantially reduced volume
  of portland cement

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Sequential Steps of Concrete Work

1. Material Preparation
2. Reinforcement Preparation
3. Formwork Preparation
4. Batching of Concrete Ingredients
5. Mixing of Concrete
6. Transportation of Concrete
7. Placing of Concrete
8. Compaction of Concrete
9. Curing of Concrete
10. Standards and Tests

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Sample collected
Slump Cone Filled
Cone Removed and Concrete Allowed to Slump
Slump Measured
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Transit Mix Truck (Ready- Mix Truck)
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HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE USED IN NEPAL

• HAMA BUILDING-KAMALADIM60
• BHOTEKOSHI HYDROELECTIC PROJECTM80
• KALI GANDAKI-HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTM120
• CHAMELIYA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTM80
• PULCHOWK CAMPUS,MSC THESISM128
• WORLDWIDE
• USA IN BRIDGEM150
• EGYPTM180-250
• INDIAM180
• MALAYSIAM80,M120
• PHD,ENGLAND,2004M800(HIGHEST)

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References and Bibliographywww.encyclopedia,concr
ete,comwww.concretehistory.com

• Ambuja Technical Literature Series -66
  Commentary and Guidelines for application of IS
  456 2000,Section-2.
• Austin CK Formwork Planning3rd edition,1981
• Dhir R K Jones M R Innovation in concrete
  structure 4 th edition, 2002.
• Gambhir M L Concrete Technology, 2 nd edition
  Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New
  Delhi, 8th Reprint 2001
• IS 456 2000 IS Code of Practice for Plain and
  Reinforced Concrete, fourth revisionBureau of
  Indian Standards, Manak Bhawan,New Delhi.
• IS 4562000 Explanatory Hand-book for Plain and
  Reinforced Concrete, fourth revision Bureau of
  Indian Standards,Manak Bhawan,New Delhi.
• Neville A M Properties of Concrete 4 th and
  Final edition Pearson Edition Asia,2006.
• P. kumar Mehta and Paulo J.M. Monteiro CONCRETE
  Microstructure, properties and Material, Indian
  Edition(p.n-17-39)
• SHETTY M.S. CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY Theory and
  Practice,S.Chand and Company Ltd. 1998.
• Shrestha K M Production of very high Strength
  Concrete in Nepal M.Sc. Thesis, I O E Pulchowk
  Campus, Decc. 2005.
• Taylor W H Concrete Technology and Practice
• www.concreteworld.com

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