Dark Energy

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Dark Energy and Dark FlowExplained by
Inter-Universe Coupling GravitySeptember 8, 2013
Sing H. Lin , Ph.D., ????? E-Mail
singhlin_at_gmail.com
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Dark Energy and Dark FlowOutlines

• Expanding Universe
• Dark Energy
• Dark Flow
• Dark Energy and Dark Flow as explained by
  Gravity that is Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity

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Part 1 Dark Energy
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Discovery of Red-Shift of Spectral Linesin
Astronomical Observations

• In about 1929, Edwin Hubble and several other
  scientists discovered that the spectral lines in
  the light received from distance galaxies are all
  shifted toward red light end of the spectrum
• Edwin Hubble further discovered that the amount
  of red-shift is proportional to the distance of
  galaxy from us

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Red-shift of spectral lines in the optical
spectrum of a super-cluster of distant galaxies
(right), as compared with that of the Sun (left)
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Expanding Universe

• A red-shift can occur when the light source is
  moving away from an observer, similar to the
  Doppler shift that changes the perceived
  frequency of sound waves.
• The observed red-shift implies that
• Galaxies are running away from us,
• The receding speed of a galaxy is proportional to
  its distance from us, and
• Universe is not static, but is expanding

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Expected Effect of Gravity on Expanding Universe

• All matters have gravity pulling on each other
• Such gravity pull is expected to slow down the
  expansion of universe
• In 1998, two independent teams of scientists did
  two independent astronomical measurements to try
  to measure the rate of slowing down of expanding
  universe (i.e. to measure the ultimate fate of
  our universe)
• Two teams the Supernova Cosmology Project at
  the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the
  High-z Supernova Search Team

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Surprise! Surprise!

• However, these two teams of scientists and the
  whole world were all surprised in 1998 to find
  that the expansion of universe is NOT slowing
  down, but is accelerating.
• These two independent teams of scientists were
  scared and thought that they might have some
  errors in their measurements.
• But their careful checks found no errors in their
  two independent sets of measurements
• All scientists and astronomers have been in a
  state of collective bewilderment since this
  surprising discovery in 1998.

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What to do with such a big surprise? - Dark
Energy

• The key question is what is causing such
  acceleration of expansion of universe?
• For the time being, scientists have to postulate
  a Dark Energy that is a hypothetical form of
  energy that permeates all of space and tends to
  increase the rate of expansion of the universe.

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Part 2 Dark Flow
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Expansion of Universe

• For many years, astronomers assume that
• Space is expanding in a uniform wayat the same
  rate in every cosmic locale
• Big Bang growth marches at the same pace
  everywhere
• Such assumption is quite natural and reasonable
  if there is only one universe

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New Surprise and New Challenge onHistorical
Concept of Expanding Universe

• By analyzing data collected by the Wilkinson
  Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) satellite,
  Alexander Sasha Kashlinsky of NASAs Goddard
  Space Flight Center discovered surprising Dark
  Flow in 2008
• Dark Flow represents the movement of hundreds of
  galaxy clusters at about two million miles per
  hour in the direction of a patch of sky between
  the constellations Centaurus and Vela.
• Dark flow extends out as far as 2.5 billion light
  years away. With such a large scale, it slashes
  through a significant chunk of the observable
  universe.

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Surprising Dark Flow

• Why the expansion of universe is NOT uniform
  everywhere?
• What causes such observed huge Dark Flow in the
  universe?

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Part 3 Parallel Universes andInter-Universe
Coupling Gravity
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Concept of Parallel Universes with Inter-Universe
Coupling Gravity
Parallel Universe C
Parallel Universe B
Our Universe A
Parallel Universe D
Parallel Universe E
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Dark Energy is Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity

• Our Universe A is surrounded by many other
  parallel universes B, C, D, E, etc.
• The Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity from other
  parallel universes is causing accelerated
  expansion of our Universe A

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Non-Symmetric Pulling fromInter-Universe
Coupling Gravity

• There is no reason that the distribution of other
  parallel universes must be symmetrical with
  respect to the center of our Universe A
• Such non-symmetrical distribution of other
  parallel universes relative to the center of our
  universe A means that the Inter-Universe
  coupling Gravity from other parallel universes
  is not symmetrical with respect to the center of
  our Universe A
• Therefore, the accelerated expansion of our
  Universe A is not symmetrical, not uniform, and
  not homogeneous.
• Dark Flow is caused by such non-symmetric pulling
  from Inter-Universe Coupling Gravity

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