Dark Matter, Dark Energy: puzzles

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Dark Matter, Dark Energy puzzles alternative
solution
HongSheng ZHAO SUPA, Univ. of St. Andrews

• Review Success of LCDM
• Most user-friendly concise description
• Better understood than its alternatives
• There are challenges to LCDM
• Some confident of LCDM being ultimate theory
• Alternative receipes worth pursuing?

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Carrolls KITP talk 2006
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DMDEGR 3 pillars of universe, baryons
neutrinos are accidental tracers of dark universe

• Successful larger scale (gt100Kpc)
• Precision science! (also lt100AU scale)
• Solar system GR tests, Pulsars, CMB peaks
• Except (vacuum) DE is a fudge factor
• Mixed success in galaxies
• No Single robust DM candidate emerged in 60 years
• CDM, WDM, SIDM, FDM, RDM, BDM etc. all challenged
  by some observations

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Usual NASA Headline astronomers prove DMDEGR

• i.e., we see (via lensing, dynamics, candles,
  CMB)
• a misbalance of Einsteins Equation
• Observed space-time Curvature Gtt
• - Energy Density of Known source Ttt
• Unidentified Source Ttt gt 0
• Ideas to restore Balance
• Assume w0 pressure-less fluid ? dark matter
• Assume w-1 ? Cosmological Constant, inflaton
  fluid
• Vary w ? evolving fields of (modified)
  metric-coupling

detect an energy residue E/c2 mknown gt 0 in
late time universe
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We see extra metric perturbationsCDM or
neutrinos or clumps of energy?
Bullet Clowe et al. (2006) NASA release
A520 (Cosmic Train Wreck)
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Acceleration of universe/galaxiesEinsteins Eq.
needs N new terms

• 1. RH approach ? Various B/I/H/W/C DM
  InflatonVacuum Energy Source
• 2. LH approach ? Modified R1/Rn gravity
• e.g. Cosmological cst n0,
• Interchangable,
• RH formulation easier, but N1 preferred

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If inert gas gives few photons, interacts so
weakly astronomers see via gravity with photons
only
He, Ne

• ? DM in the Sun, galaxies, universe
• ? Not in dense Earth, Neutron stars
• Or ? Gravity is modified (0-25) as f(R)
  function of density
• Astronomers cannot tell DM or Vacuum fields
• even after lab fusion 4H ? HeliumDM, lab proof
  NeonLight

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Merits of Cosmology using 3, 2 or 1 pillars
Could Dark Matter Vacuum Energy Inflaton
Field Projections of a 0.001eV-Particle/Fluid/F
ield GR ? A Non-Linear Gravity

• Perspective Astronomers have
• the biggest vacuum lab of gravity

just some numbers or
Coincidences in DE-DM Clues for a simple
alternative? Zhao07 (ApJ Letters Dec07,
arXiv0710.3616)
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In 4D-Metric, what is modified gravity?

• Space-time metric field in vacuum
• SEP-coupled to
• all specifies of non-SEP-mutually-coupled matter

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What is new? GR vacuum fields

• Gravity modified twice by Einstein
• Add cst c2 to Newtons apple mc2 E
• Add cst L to his own theory rc2 L
• made L dynamical scalar field of vacuum (DE) to
  accelerate universe uniformly
• 3? recycle DE as vector field, collapse as DM
  to accelerate stars in galaxies? Solve DM
  puzzles?

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A Doesnt-Matter Wlt0.1 universe ( baryons
known neutrinos W0.005-0.1)compatible with LHC
etc. in 8 years
Abundance set by 256 coupling-consts of
SUSY/MSSM
Room for Vacuum! Still premature?
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Why should WE at ICGC care?

• Isnt DM a temporary problem of
• Too poor to run LHC sooner? Lack accurate
  prediction of SUSY theory?
• Poor accounting by astronomers?
• Poor resolution of galaxy simulators?
• NOT Quite!
• Uncertain DM surely tells us nothing new about
  how space-time works?

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Cosmological Simulations
P(k)kn
Fits well with LSS
10 year Crisis
Cusps
Satellites
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the substructure ProblemSUBHALOS IN A RICH
CLUSTER AND A MILKY WAY-SIZED HALO
Halo with 5x1014 M?
Moore et al. (1999)
Moore et al. (1999), Klypin et al. (1999) Where
are all the missing satellites?
Halo with 2x1012 M?
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Rocks in LCDM universe dumps of angular momentum

• Overpredicts satellites survive tide
• -- including SDSS satellites (Cambridge group07)
• -- WDM helps on Draco, but barely enough to cause
  quasar-lensing flux fluctuations or anomalies
  (Metcalf Zhao 2002, ApJL, Miranda Maccio07
  for reliable radio quadruple lens)
• Overpredicts Bulges in disks dense
• -- simulations of Steinmaintz07
• Overpredicts cusps irreversible bary
• -- Gnedin Zhao 2002, MNRAS, Read Gilmore
  2003, MNRAS

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• Slowly grow a massive disk/bulge in NFW halo
• Lowest ang. J
• Highest init. Mb/Mdm
• Rapidly remove all gas (by SNe with top-heavy
  IMF)
• Spring out some DM STILL To CUSPY!

??
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Cusp to Core 1,2,3,10Dwarf Feedback is limited

• Gnedin Zhao02
• no core after 1-outflow (strongest)
• Read Gilmore03
• core at last after 3-resurrections with fb 0.2
  each time
• Or use 10 BHs

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C.D.M. C for Cold, Collisionless, or
Contradiction Doesnt Matter?

• DM is collisionless as galaxies Bullet Cluster
  (Bradac et al.07)
• DM is collisional as gas Abel 520 (Mahdavi et
  al. 07)
• warmer DM mlt0.5kev cores in Ursa, Fornax
• colder DM mgt2kev substructure in lensing,
  Ly-alpha
• (Metcalf Zhao02, Maccio et al.07)
• Tidal Dwarf Galaxies want dark CO disks (Bournard
  etal. Science)
• Milky Way wants extended halos
• (Klypin, Zhao, Somerville02)
• Dilemma removed if DM isnt a precisely w0 fluid
  or field
• some metric bending field like Photon,
  inflaton DE

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Budget Deficit ofZwickys Dark Matter (1933)

• MACHO microlensing surveys92-02
• Jupiters/BrownD stars, Omega0.01
• Neutrino oscillation98 (SuperK, LSND93-98,
  MiniBooNe07) low
• Neutralino annihilation scattering
• EGRET GeV excess97,DAMA modulation97
• prefer big cross-section ? Omega0.01
• Low-Energy Vacuum, Omegaunity?

Small rarely adds up to big!!
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EGRET evidence for DM annihilation
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Enter L m04 ! m00.001eV10-30msusy ?scale of
energy clumps in-of space-time
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Just Six Numbers --Rees

• Just 5 Numbers of gravity
• 31 dimensions we live in
• N rela. strength of gravity to EM
• epsilon metric fluctuation of vacuum (inflaton)
• Lambda energy scale constant of vacuum
• Omega dark matter
• low-energy Vacuum Higgs or high energy SUSY
  Higgs?
• --------------------------------------------------
  ---
• Q rate of Nucleosynthesis age of universe
  3K CMB photons neutrinos
• STANDARD MODEL PARAMETERS 20
• .MSSM 256 parameters

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Merits of Cosmology using 3, 2 or 1 pillars
Could Dark Matter Vacuum Energy Inflaton
Field Projections of a 0.001eV-Particle/Fluid/F
ield GR ? A non-linear gravity

• DEDM31 (expect 0-Inf1)
• DMBar81 (expect 0.01-1001)

just some numbers or
Coincidences in DE-DM Clues for a simple
alternative? Zhao07 (ApJ Letters Dec07,
arXiv0710.3616)
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A recipe for Value-Added DE to give Effective
DMDE

• Lagrangian Density
• Lknown matter LK Lcurvature

LDM LDE Linflaton
Vector Field Vacuum Flow metric mesh
softening fluid collisonless, tracks mass
like dielectric-MOND, adds stress to depress the
metric
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Covariant Stress of Metric-tracking Fluid
Four-Velocity UaAa/mc2
Zhao (ApJ Letters, Dec07 Issue)
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Extra stress to the metric below a stress scale
P0(0.001eV)4
Zhao07 (ApJL)
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Einstein Eqs PoissonHubble
solar l(N)0, mB l(n)2-n, m4 L L(0)(na0)2
9P0 lt- n3, l(x)(1x/n)-n ,a01A/s2 , N105
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Parameters Predictions

• n,N,a0 are the only 3 free parameters
• gravity tracks baryons approximately during
  feedback
• NOT rigorous because time-dependent systems (CMB,
  tidal merger)
• DE/DM properties of vacuum space-time
• New LHC particles could exist, but are rare
• New modes of gravitational waves

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Cosmological Constant and eff. DM Come Out
Naturally
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Aether Fluid w 0 (in static or
matter-dominated), w-1 (late universe)
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Vacuum Between Two sheets gravitation/EM
corrected

• Lambda sea of virtual pairs of m0
• P0(m0c2)/(h/m0c)3 (0.001eV)4 (cH0)2
• Freemans law disk surface density.
• P0a0/(8pG) a0
• (130g/m2)(1A/s2)

Dielectric gravity link !!! Einstein-Maxwell,
Einstein-Aether theories ? Durality Photon as
particle and a Vector-Field
Q
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V-L fluid GR Baryonsfits 50 x 50 data points
...
VDM4/GMbary (gDM/gbary ).gDM a0 ?1/2
Su Zhao
Bruneton, Famaey, Gentile, Zhao (2007, PRD)
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My V-L fluid is like LCDM, but fits galaxy data
better

• Compatible with
• any neutralinos from LHC2012, any neutrinos from
  KATRIN2009, inflation induced perturbations,
  BBN, Solar system PPN, Bullet Cluster
  lensing/speed/annihilation
• Microlensing in MW Bar, RAVE escape speed,
  Tidal Dwarf Galaxies, SDSS satellite velocities
• Free Parameters n, N
• Perfect
• L (0.001eV)4 9 a02 3 rbar
• cosmic MDM/Mbar2n 8
• nearly all rotation curves

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Tombstones of in Graveyard of Gravity !!GO Back
to GR!!
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Various Lagrangians of the Vacuum (Renaissance
2005-2007)

• Solar system, Black Holes, Waves
• MOND Lensing
• Dark Energy, CMB, inflation/string
• unknowns in co-variant frameworks Jacobson97,
  Bekenstein04, Sanders05, Ferreira07, Zhao07

B04 (cite 170)
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High-risk ideas after packaging by a decent
theory
Co-variant Bekenstein04 (cite 170)
Milgrom83 (cite 417)
Universal NFW97 (cite 1997)
Zwicky33 (cite 236)
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gravity a0 somewhere in all objects
10-1pc-109pc

• Spirals
• Ga0 Rotation V4 /BaryonMass
• GlobularCluster, MolecularCloud, dwarf, Ellip,
  X-Cluster
• a0 Velocity2 /Length scale cH0/6
  100Msun/pc2
• My covariant model predicts tight baryon-DM-DE
  correlations
• (nearly) history-independent, but
  environment-dependent

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Vacuum Fluid fits as good as LCDM, but no L no
CDM
SNeIa distance-z
Dwarf HSB Vcir(R)
Collaborations with Su, Skordis. Mota, Angus,
Famaey, Shan, Halle, Gentile
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Proof of GRLCDM in WMAP Bullet countered by
MONDour temporary ignorance of neutrinos

• Toy TeVeS models Skordis et al05 PRL, Angus
  etal.07 ApJL, Feix et al.07
• to wait for KATRIN09 neutrino experiment lt2eV,
• to win time to study effects of four-velocity
  freedoms (e.g. the J-term in VL model)

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Spherical TeVeS CASTELS lens
Zhao, Bacon, Taylor, Horne (2006,MNRAS)
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Non-covariant MOND means simply effective DM

• Every mass hosts the potential of an effective DM
  halo (Flattened Isothermal), truncated by its
  neighbours
• Geodesic eqs as GR with factor-2 for lensing (but
  Geff varies)

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State-of-art galaxy bar formation in DM and
non-covariant MOND
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Non-covariant MOND has zero freedom, falsifiable
1-to-1 relation

• Intergalactic DMlt0
• Check if your chi2 (from tidal stream or
  lensing) favors DM positive everywhere.
• Identical Baryons mandate identical DM
• Spot differences in twins (globulars, dwarfs,
  galaxies )
• History-independent potential

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A Fake Hybrid Spiral Galaxy
MOND fails to fit (Good !!) DM fits
fine
Stars Gas
Gas Stars (with smaller M/L)
Scarpa http//xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/astro-ph/0601478
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Shoot, but avoid well-proven traps due to
External Field Effect

• Vcir NOT flat
• Vesc NOT infinite
• Potential NOT as flat as disk
• Galaxies NOT always on Tully-Fisher
• ! Attraction due to environment
  (cluster/filament) is important !
• EFE mimics LCDM tidal harassment

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Read our 4p manual for EFE traps in MOND
I
Wu, Famaey, Gentile, Combes, Zhao et al. (2007,
ApJ Letters)
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EFE mimics LCDM tidal harassment

• Internal potential is deep/shallow if more/less
  isolated
• Tend to create 2nd generation of stars in distant
  globulars?
• Dwarfs evaporate in Coma Cluster (mimic LCDM
  harassment)

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Vulnerable because MOND predicts

• History-independent DM potential
• Both Tidal Dwarfs and Ordinary dwarfs, have DM
  effects (The Science article Gentile et al.
  2007, AA, Letters)
• Oblate Halos in disks
• Lack of Dyn. Fric. Mergers

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• Title Resurrection from the Graveyard of
  Gravity       Renaissance of MOND as Dark
  EnergyAbstractWhile under-developed
  historically due to the lack ofa relativistic
  framework, Milgrom's empirical formulais a
  magical crystal ball, which forseed the
  ubiquitous existenceof an EFFECTIVE Dark Matter
  and Dark Energy well beforethe more physically
  motivated LCDM parametrization of the cosmos.The
  MOND formula works accurate in nearly all spiral
  galaxies, andis order of magnitude correct in
  clusters of galaxies and in cosmology.This is a
  remarkable achievementconsidering the tiny
  amount of man power and computational power
  spenton MONDified gravity research.  Theoretical
  physicists have recentlyimbeded MOND in a fully
  relativistic framework.I present new results
  which suggest thatMOND is fundementally a
  hypothesis about the vaccum andspace-time, which
  reduces to Dark Matter effects in
  collapsedgalaxy-like structures and Dark Energy
  effects in uniform cosmology.A proof of
  existence of dark matter(like known neutrinos or
  the promising LHC SUSY particles)is often not
  incompatible with a range of gravity
  theories,and is not a proof of General
  Relativity. The even more ellusive nature ofthe
  cosmological constant is the stronger motivation
  for modified gravity.

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Aim of This Talk

• Explain MOND as Empirical Law
• As a co-variant gravity
• As Vacuum Energy (V-Lambda)
• As DM
• Relation to LHC, DM annihilation
• Relation to Neutrino