Invertebrates

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Invertebrates
Starfish
Arthropods
Mollusks
Insects
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Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

• 4 Characteristics that ALL animals share
• Be multicellular composed of more than 1 cell
• Be Eukaryotic have a nucleus and other
  organelles in each cell
• Be Heterotrophic Consume or eat food
• Have no cell walls

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• Animals carryout 7 essential functions to
  survive.
• Feeding- all animals must obtain food
• Respiration- all animals must take in oxygen and
  give off carbon dioxide
• Circulation- all animals must have a system of
  transporting oxygen, nutrients and waste

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• 4. Excretion- all animals eliminate waste
• 5. Response-most animals have nerve cells or a
  nervous system to respond to stimuli.
• 6. Movement- most animals have muscles or
  muscular/skeletal systems for movement or they
  have a way to move or circulate water for
  feeding.
• 7. Reproduction-most reproduction is sexual using
  haploid gametes

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Concept Map
Section 26-1
Animals
are
have
are
carry out
Multicellular
with
such as
No cell walls
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• From simple groups of animals to more complex
  groups, the body characteristics that develop
• A. Cell specialization- animal have different
  types of cells which have special structures to
  perform special tasks.
• B. Levels of organization - animal bodies are
  organized to carry out complex functions-
• Cells form tissue
• Tissues form organs
• Organs form organ systems

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Levels of Organization
Section 7- 4
Muscle cell
muscle tissue
Organ
Organ system
Go to Section
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• C. Body symmetry, 2 types
• 1. Radial- simple animals body parts repeat
  around center
• 2. Bilateral- complex animals body has two equal
  halves which allows for cephalization and a
  coelom
• Cephalization- sense organs are concentrated near
  front
• Coelom Body cavity- most animals have an
  internal space for organs to be cushioned and
  protected.

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Figure 265 Body Symmetry
Section 26-1
Bilateral
Radial
Posterior end
Dorsal side
Anterior end
Ventral side
Complex
Simple
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• D. Similar Early Development In most animals,
  zygote divides to form a hollow ball of cells
  called a Blastula. The blastula develops 3 layers
  of cells called germ layers
• Endoderm- innermost, forms digestive tract and
  respiratory system.
• Mesoderm- middle, forms muscles, circulatory and
  reproductive systems
• Ectoderm- outer, sense organs and skin
• Blastopore- hole that will form mouth or anus

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• B. Animals are separated into 2 groups
• Invertebrates- have no backbone, largest group,
  many phyla.
• Vertebrates- have a backbone, one phylum

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Figure 334 Diversity of Chordates
Section 33-1
Nonvertebrate chordates (4)
Mammals (8)
Birds (18)
Fishes (47)
Reptiles (14)
Amphibians (9)
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• The Vertebrates
• Vertebral Column (developed from the outer
  portion of the notochord)
• Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone that grows with
  the animal
• Brain encased by skull
• Complex organ systems

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Echinoderm Ancestor
Notochord and Hollow Nerve chord,
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• Classification of the 7 living classes
• 1. Class Agnatha Jawless fishes. Lamprey -
  parasitic, Hagfish -scavengers.
• a. Eel shaped, Jawless, sucker shaped mouth,
  Cold blooded, Only have a few cartilage plates
  in their skull , External fertilization, lay eggs
  in water, have gills

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Hagfish
Digests decaying fish from inside out. Secretes
huge quantities of slime to defend itself. Ties
itself in a knot to get rid of slime
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Most important evolutionary event in animal
history
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• 2. Class Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fishes.
  Sharks, skates, rays.
• a. Skeleton of Cartilage, Paired fins,
  Cold-blooded, Tooth like scales on skin called
  dermal denticles, moveable jaw attached to skull,
  Internal External fertilization

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Great White
Hammerhead
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Tiger Shark
Blue Shark
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Close Up of Shark Skin
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• 3. Class Osteichthyes- Bony fishes. Perch, trout,
  catfish, bass
• a. Skeleton of bone, Gill cover called operculum,
  Body covered by scales, Cold-blooded, Most
  External fertilization

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Perch
Goldfish
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• 4. Class Amphibia Frogs, toads, salamanders.
  (DOUBLE LIFE)
• a. As larva, have gills. As adults, have lungs
  and limbs adapted for life on land. Reproduce in
  water lay eggs in water. Cold-blooded. Have
  moist skin usually do not have claws

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The Life Cycle of a Frog
Metamorphosis- Major body change over a life time.
Section 30-3
Adult Frog
Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one
to two years.
Young Frog
Frog eggs are laid in water and undergo external
fertilization.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to
several weeks later.
Fertilized Eggs
Tadpoles
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails
and gills, and become meat-eaters as they develop
into terrestrial adults.
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Tree Frog
Southern Toad
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4 toed salamander
Marbled Salamander
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• 5. Class Reptilia- Snakes, lizards, turtles, and
  alligators.
• a. Reproduce on land by laying leathery eggs. The
  amniotic egg makes reptiles the first group to be
  well adapted to life on land. Dry, scaly skin
  with claws on the toes. Well-developed lungs.
  Cold-blooded

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Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake
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Snapping Turtle
Gopher Tortoise
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• 6. Class Aves- Birds.
• a. Have feathers and bodies adapted for flight
  Hollow or partly hollow bones, Lungs Air Sacs,
  Large Chest Muscles. Reproduce by laying eggs
  with calcium shell. Warm-blooded.

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American Bald Eagle
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• 7. Class Mammalia Mammals.
• a. Most young develop internally and are nursed
  after birth on milk created by mammary glands.
  Most have fur or hair at some time during their
  lives. Well-developed brain. Warm-blooded

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Hard Shells
Fur Milk Glands
Amniotic Egg
Lungs
Bony Skeleton
jaws
Brain Encased Skull