Invertebrates

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Invertebrates

• Rachel Reed Erin Baxter

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Importance

• 95-99 of all species
• Pollination
• Recycling
• Food in many cultures
• Food webs
• Maintenance of ecological communities

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E.O. Wilson

• If human beings were not so impressed by size
  alone, they would consider an ant more wonderful
  than a rhinoceros.

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Basics

• Aquatic vs. Terrestrial
• Arboreal, aerial
• Anatomical Definitions
• Hemolymph, exoskeleton, hydrostatic skeleton
• Reproductive terms
• Dioecious, hermaphroditic, parthenogenesis

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Considerations in Aquatic Care

• Marine vs. Freshwater
• Water quality
• Substrate, plants
• Light
• Water circulation
• Other species in aquaria
• Diet

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Considerations in Terrestrial Care

• Safe, sanitary, not crowded
• Temperature considerations
• Substrate, plants
• Water availability mode of delivery
• Arboreal species?
• Air circulation
• Diet

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Ctenophora Comb Jellies

• Marine waters
• Carnivorous Diet
• Water requirements dependent on species
• Most are hermaphroditic
• Water Flow patterns are important

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Phylogeny
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Porifera Sponges

• Primarily Marine sessile
• Water requirements dependent on species
• Unique feeding system tiny pores water flow
  necessary
  
• Reproduce by both sexual and asexual means

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Phylogeny
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Cnidaria
Anemones
Jellyfish
Radial symmetry,Hydrostatic skeleton, Dimorphic
development
Can sting!
Coral
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Anemones

• Marine
• Need excellent water condition
• Most capture animal prey zooanthellae
• Variable but specific temperature requirements
  dependent upon species
  
• Asexual reproduction
• Interspecific Aggression

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Jellyfish

• Marine
• Water flow patterns
• Predators have stingers!
• Sexual reproduction
• Lots of species variability

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Coral

• Marine
• Water Quality Important!
• Zooxanthellae Most capture animal prey
• Sexual Asexual Reproduction
• Can exhibit contact inhibition and interspecific
  aggression in the tank
  
• Hermatypic vs Ahermatypic

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Phylogeny
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Echinoderms

• Marine
• Water quality important- toxicity problems
• Diet is largely dependent on species
• Asexual sexual reproduction dependent on
  species
  
• Water vascular system ?locomotion, gripping,
  feeding

http//www.studentreader.com/files/purplestarfisho
nrocks.jpg
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Phylogeny
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Sea Squirts

• Sessile, marine
• Environmental management based on species
• Herbivorous diet
• Sexual or Asexual reproduction
• 90 of all urochordates

http//www.lancashiremcs.org.uk/gallery/pics/sea-s
quirt.jpg
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Gastropods

• Marine freshwater
• Sessile and mobile
• Filter feeders
• Tank Management
• Substrate
• Dioecious or hermaphroditic

http//jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/photos/SeagrassMol
luscs.jpeg
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Cephalopods

• Marine Aquatic
• Varied diet
• Active hunters
• Tank Management
• Dioecious

http//www.aquariumofpacific.org/images/olc/nautil
usj.baecker_berlin_zoo_aquarium_pd600.jpg
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Phylogeny
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Pogonophora Vestimentifera

• Deep sea dwelling worms!
• Often grouped together

www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
www.nsf.gov
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Phylogeny
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Annelids

• Aquatic and terrestrial
• Varied diet and feeding strategies
• Environmental requirements dependent upon
  species
  
• Sexual reproduction dioecious
• Biomedical ecological importance

http//www.education.umd.edu/blt/pic/Annelids.jpg
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Phylogeny
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Rotifers

• Most freshwater but some
• marine and terrestrial
• Omnivores
• Water Management
• Parthenogenic or dioecious

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Phylogeny
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Flatworms (Turbellarians)

• Mostly Aquatic
• Varied diet
• Commensal and parasitic
• Tank Management
• Varied reproduction

http//www.dhadm.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/fl
atworm02.jpg
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Nematodes

• Aquatic Marine
• Varied diet
• Mostly parasitic
• Environment Management
• Dieocious or parthenogenic

http//soils.usda.gov/sqi/concepts/soil_biology/im
ages/large_todes_LR.jpg
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Phylogeny
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Tardigrades

• Marine, freshwater
• terrestrial
• Water bears
• Cryptobiosis

http//www.uea.ac.uk/b444219/images/TNWP_Echinisc
us20madonnae20(SEM).jpg
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Phylogeny
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Onychophora

• Tropical, terrestrial
• Velvet worms or walking worms
• Prey on smaller arthropods

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Phylogeny
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Crustaceans

• Terrestrial and Aquatic
• Diet dependent on species
• Tank Management
• Dieocious
• Economic importance

www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id104965
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Phylogeny
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Insects

• Predominantly terrestrial
• Varied Diet
• Environmental Management
• Reproduction
• Social Systems
• Economical Ecological Importance

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Phylogeny
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Myriapods

• Terrestrial
• Diet dependent on species
• Well defined environmental requirements
• Dieocious some parthenogenic

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Myriapods

• Millipedes
• Mostly herbivorous
• Two pairs per body segment
• Non-aggressive slow
• Easy to handle

• Centipedes
• Mostly carnivorous
• One pair of legs per body segment
• Aggressive fast!
• Extremely hard to handle venomous

http//cordially.narod.ru/album/insect/images/home
-centipede.jpg
http//www.garden-city.org/zoo/animalinfo/images/m
ilipede_76pic.jpg
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Millipedes

• Substrate 8-10cm of soil with
• 3-4cm of leaf litter on top
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Diet leaf litter, fruits vegetables
• Reproduction

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Centipedes

• Soil covered with leaf litter or mulch
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Light
• Diet mix of live and dead invertebrates, dead
  pinky mice, day old chicks, adult mice, etc.
  
• Reproduction

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Phylogeny
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Horseshoe Crabs

• Marine, Aquatic
• Captive diet
• Various habitats
• Dieocious
• Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) extracted from
  hemolymph- Pharmaceutical use
  

http//io.uwinnipeg.ca/simmons/16cm05/1116/33-28-
HorseshoeCrabs.jpg
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Phylogeny
SPIDERS!
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Arachnids
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Scorpions

• Terrestrial
• Carnivorous
• Environment mostly desert
• Sexual reproduction

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Spiders

• Aquatic terrestrial
• Carnivores
• Diverse Environments
• Sexual Reproduction
• Silk!

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Terrestrial Spiders

• Arboreal vs. Non-arboreal
• Diet
• Substrate
• Temperature humidity
• Lighting

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Aquatic Spiders

• Natural environment
• Diet
• Water Quality
• Underwater air bells

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Silk

• Made of Amino Acids
• Very stable
• Very Strong
• Genetic Isolation
• Production
• Application

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Resources

• Lewbart, Gregory (ed.). 2006. Invertebrate
  Medicine.Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa.
  
• Frye, Fredric L. 1992. Captive Invertebrates.
  Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida.
  
• Pechenik, Jan A. 2000. Biology of the
  Invertebrates. McGraw-Hill. 5th ed is 2005.