Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor

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Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist vs. Counselor

• PSYCHIATRISTS
• Medical Doctor M.D.
• Medical school with internship in Psychiatry
• Can prescribe drugs

• PSYCHOLOGISTS
• Masters (2 years)
• Doctoral (3-5 years)
• PhD or PsyD (clinical)
• Cannot prescribe drugs
• Types
• Practitioners
• Academic
• Researchers

• COUNSELORS
• Masters degree (MSW or MC)
• Works with less severe mental health problems
• Family, relationship, substance abuse, anxiety

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Types of Psychologists

• Clinical
• Counseling
• Social
• Experimental
• Physiological/Neurological
• Cognitive
• Developmental
• Psychometrics
• Industrial/Organizational
• Education/school
• Forensic

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Applied Perspectives

• Clinical Psychology-provide counseling to clients
  with psychological disorders
• Counseling Psychology-provide counseling to
  clients with more day to day problems
• Educational and School Psychology-work to improve
  the delivery of education to students
• Industrial and Organizational Psychology-work to
  improve work conditions, productivity and morale
  in business and industry
• Sports Psychology-work to train athletes in
  mental preparation for performance
• Forensic Psychology-as an example, work to
  provide profiles of criminal behavior, to advise
  on the psychology of courtroom proceedings

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Major Research Areas pie chart
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Careers in Psychology Percentage of Psychology
Degrees by Specialty
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1909- Clark University Psychology Convention

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Woman and Minorities

• Few woman and minorities in early 1900s
• Women
• ? Margaret Floy Washburn - first PhD 1894
• - Mary Calkins - first president of APA
• - Currently woman get about 70 of PhDs
• African Americans
• ? Francis Sumner - first PhD in 1920
• - Kenneth B. Clark- first PhD from Colombia in
  1940 - brown vs. white doll study - helped with
  desegregation of public schools

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Defining Psychology

• Definition
• The study of behavior and mental processes
• Goals of Psychology
• To fulfill a genuine curiosity about behavior
• To understand the contributions of genetics and
  environment (social and cultural) in behavior and
  mental process
• To study behavior using methods that deem the
  study scientific

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Roots of Psychology in Philosophy

• Psyche (life/self) logos (logic)
• Plato (400BC) Rationalism, deductive reasoning
• Aristotle Associations
• Descartes Dualism- Mind and Body, Nativism
• John Locke Empiricism, tabula rasa

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The Roots of Psychology Science

• In the late 1800s both physiologists and
  philosophers were investigating the mind
• Philosophy- Why?
• Physiology- How?

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Psychology - A scientific discipline

• Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• Worked to have Psychology become an independent
  science
• Founded the 1st psychology laboratory in Germany
  (1879)

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Competing Schools of Thought That Shape Psychology

• Structuralism
• Wundt and Titchener
• Structuralism focused on the structure of
  consciousness
• Premise The content of conscious experience can
  be analyzed into its basic elements

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Psychology Comes to America

• G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924)
• A student of Wundt
• Establishes 1st American laboratory at Johns
  Hopkins (1883)
• Founded 1st American Psych. journal (1887)
• Founded American Psychological Association-APA
  (1892)

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Competing Schools of Thought That Shape Psychology

• Functionalism
• William James and G. Stanley Hall were the
  primary proponents
• Interested in studying the functions of
  consciousness
• Premise The function of a conscious experience
  in providing adaptation of the organism is more
  important than the structure of that conscious
  experience

William James
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Current Perspectives

• Psychoanalytic
• Behavioral
• Cognitive
• Biological
• Humanistic
• Others Evolutionary, Sociocultural, etc.

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Psychoanalytic Early 1900s

• Freud- Interpretations of Dreams (1900)
• Behavior influenced by unconscious processes
• Stressed early childhood experiences determine
  later behavior
• Negative view of humanity (aggression, sex)

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Early Behaviorists

• Pavlov (1913)- Dog Salvation
  Watson (1925)- Little Albert
• B. F. Skinner (1930s)- Skinner Box, rewards
  punishments

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Behaviorists (Skinner, Watson, Pavlov)

• Environment determines behavior (clean slate)
• Stimulus Response
• Reinforcements and punishment
• Studies observable (overt) behavior and stimuli,
  not concerned with internal states

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Humanistic

• Carl Rogers founder (Maslow also important)
• Emerged as a revolt against behaviorism
  psychoanalytic approaches
• Inherent Goodness of Human Beings
• FREE WILL
• Unconditional Positive Regard

Rogers believed for a person to grow they need an
environment that provides genuineness (openness
and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with
unconditional positive regard), and empathy
(being listened to understood). Without these,
relationships and healthy personalities will not
develop as they should much like a tree will
not grow without sunlight and water.
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Cognitive

• Thoughts and mental processes
• Stimulus Mental process Behavior
• Rational Emotive Therapy

• We are prone to adopting irrational beliefs
  behaviors that stand in the way of achieving
  goals and purposes
• The presence of extreme philosophies can make the
  difference between healthy negative emotions
  (such as sadness/regret/ concern) and unhealthy
  negative emotions (such as depression/guilt/anxiet
  y).

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Biological

• Observable behavior given physiological
  explanations
• Genetics, biochemical, neurological

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Current Perspectives in Psychology
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Seven Themes of Psychology

• 1. Psychology is Empirical
• 2. Psychology is theoretically diverse
• 3. Psychology evolves in a sociohistoric
• 4. Behavior has multiple causes
• 5. Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage
• 6. Behavior is influenced by heredity and
  environment
• 7. Our experience of the world is highly
  subjective

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In Such a Diverse Science, What Holds It All
Together?

• The desire to
• Describe
• Explain
• Predict
• Change/Control Behavior