Midterm%20Review

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Physical Science
S8P1. Students will examine the scientific view
of the nature of matter. S8P2. Students will be
familiar with the forms and transformations of
energy. S8P4. Students will explore the wave
nature of sound and electromagnetic radiation.

• Agenda 12-16-14 Midterm Review- Science Midterm
  Wednesday
• Essential Question How can I strengthen areas of
  weakness in my progress toward mastering the
  science standard?
• Warm Up Review and assess your understanding of
  each standard.
• Compare the following diagrams. Which best
  represents
• an element? 2. molecules? 3. a mixture?
• 2. If the molecule below was the product of a
  chemical reaction and the reactants were SB2 and
  Hydrogen atoms, how many hydrogen would be in the
  product?

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Midterm Review

• Check your answer and make corrections or
  additions as we review.
• Raise your hand if you have a question.

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• Which tools are best for volume? Density? Mass?
• Volume--beakers, graduated cylinders, flasks.
• Density--graduated cylinders and triple beam
  balance.
• Mass--triple beam balance.
• 2. Use the table below to answer the question.
•   1981 Pennies 1986 Pennies
• Mass Volume Mass
  Volume
• 4.5 g .8
  3.5 g .8
• In 1982, the composition of U.S. pennies were
  changed. According to the chart, how did the
  pennies change in 1986?
• The 1986 pennies have a lower mass 4.5 vs. 3.5

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• 3. A spring scale works because the spring
  stretches the same amount for each additional
  unit of weight that is hung from it. The chart
  below shows the length of a particular spring
  with different weights hanging from it. What
  would the length be if the weight was 600 grams?
•  Weight 100 g 200g 300g 400g
• Length 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm
• 16 cm
• 4. Alison measured the mass of a sample as 3.12
  kg. What is the same mass in grams?
• 3, 120 grams
• 5. Cara wants to compare the masses of two
  different mineral samples. Which would be the
  best tool to use?
• triple beam balance
•  

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• 6. What is the main purpose of charts, graphs,
  and tables?
• To show information in a clear and precise way.
  To make reading it easier.
• 7. What is scientific method? Name 5 of the
  steps.
• Scientific Method is the organized method
  scientists use to investigate problems.
• Research, hypothesis, experiment, analyze, and
  form a conclusion.
• 8. What is a hypothesis?
• A reasonable and educated guess based on what
  you know and what you observe.
• 9. What is a constant?
• Variables that do not change in an experiment.
•  

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• 10. What is the difference between an independent
  and dependent variable?
• Independent variable--variables changed
  in the
• experiment.
• Dependent variable---variables that are
  changed as a
• result of the change in  the independent
  variable.
• 11. Name the chemical elements that can be found
  in the following chemical formula H2SO4
• How many atoms?
• 7 atoms
• How many molecules?
• 1 molecule.
• Extra Understanding How many elements?
• 3 Hydrogen, Sulfur, and Oxygen

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12. Name the parts of the atom and list what
charges they have in a picture. Proton
positive Neutron neutral Electron negative
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13. Define atomic number number of protons in
the nucleus of a n atom atomic mass number of
protons number of neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom element symbol abbreviation example
Nitrogen-N or Iron-Fe Draw an example of an
element box. atomic number atomic mass
element symbol
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• 14. What do groups represent on the periodic
  table of elements? Vertical column and have
  similar chemical properties.
• 15. What do periods represent on the periodic
  table?
• Horizontal rows by energy level, increasing
  atomic number.
• 16. How do you find the atomic mass?
• Average number of proton neutrons.

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• 17. List the properties of metals, nonmetals,
  metalloids, and inert gases.

Metals Solid at room temperature (except mercury). 2. Malleable and ductile (can be shaped and drawn into wire). 3. Have luster (shinny). Nonmetals Most are gases (except bromine). Brittle Dull Poor conductors Gain electrons in chemical reactions. Metalloids 1. Have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Inert Gases Also known as noble gases. Least reactive
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• 18. What is a compound?
• A pure substance that forms when two or more
  elements join together.
• 19. What is the difference between a compound,
  solution and a mixture? Compound a substance
  produced when elements combine and whose
  properties are different from each of the
  elements in it.
• ex. H2O
• Mixture a combination of compounds and
  elements that has not formed a new substance.
  Ex. Chex Mix (Heterogeneous)
• Solution Homogenous mixture.

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• 20. What would you classify lemonade as?
• Solution
• 21. What are heterogeneous and homogenous
  mixtures?
• Heterogeneous unevenly mixed- You can see the
  different substances.
• Homogenous evenly mixed- You cant see the
  different substances.
• 22. Define matter.
• Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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• 23. Define the states of matter and the molecular
  structure. Solids molecules packed together
  tight
• Liquids particles are less densely packed than
  a solid Gas weak energy, particles move
  freely.
• 24. How is a solid changed to a liquid?
• By melting- adding thermal energy
• 25. Define evaporation and condensation.
• Condensation when gas vapors cool and become
  liquid.
• Evaporation liquid heats up and becomes gas.

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• 26. What is a physical property of matter?
• Physical property is a characteristic that can
  be observed without changing the identity of a
  substance.
• Name those in your text.
• Ex Mass, color, volume, hardness, and magnetism
• What is a chemical property?
• Chemical property is a characteristic that
  describes how a substance will interact during a
  chemical reaction. New substances are formed.
• Give examples. Ex reactivity ability to burn,
  rust, react to light, react with acids.

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27. What is the pH scale? The pH scale measures
how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale
ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH
less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is
basic.
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• 28. What is a physical change and chemical
  change?
• Physical Change alters the physical
  properties of a substance without changing the
  identity of the substance.
• Ex melting ice or evaporation
• Chemical change substance changed into a new
  substance with different properties
• Ex. sugar, eggs, and flour create a batter.
  Baking the cake batter creates a cake.
• 29. How would you describe a match being lit and
  a nail rusting? Chemical changes
• -a match being lit combustion (burning)
• -nail rusting oxidation (rust)- Iron reacts with
  oxygen
•  

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• 30. What is the difference between the Kelvin and
  Celsius scale? Degrees Increase/decrease by the
  same amount.
• Celsius has negative degrees.
• Kelvin is usually used to measures extreme
  temperatures like its lowest absolute zero
  (theoretical motionless particles).
• Explain how a hydroelectric plant (dam) turns
  potential energy into electrical energy.
• The water has gravitational potential energy due
  to its position (height). As it falls, it
  changes into kinetic energy because of its
  motion. As the water moves the turbines, it is
  mechanical energy. A generator transforms this
  work into electrical energy.
• potential kinetic mechanical
  electrical

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• 32. Hot chocolate and ice water are placed inside
  a container. What will eventually happen to the
  temperature of the hot chocolate and ice water?
• The hot chocolate will lose heat and the ice
  water will gain heat until the temperatures are
  equal.
• 33. A girl is swinging back and forth on a swing
  set. She swings forward at her highest point and
  is about to jump off. What type of energy does
  she have?
• She has potential energy at the highest point on
  the swing. Remember objects have the greatest
  potential energy when they are at the greatest
  height.
• A humpback whale is leaping out of the water.
  Explain what type of energy the whale has as he
  leaps out of the water.
• Kinetic energy, but as it gains height
  potential.

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• A man lifts a heavy bucket by pulling upward on
  the handle. As the man pulls on the handle and
  lifts the bucket what kind of energy is being
  applied to the bucket?
• Mechanical energy
• Explain the transformation of energy taking place
  as a car burns up gasoline.
• The gasoline burning is chemical energy.
  Chemical energy is turned to mechanical energy
  as the car moves. Some is as changed to thermal
  energy.
• Define conduction and convection and give an
  example of each.
• Conduction is the transfer of heat by
  direct contact of particles.
• Example Heating a pan on the stove.
• Convection when heat is transferred in fluids
  or gases by currents moving in a circular motion.
  
• Example water heating up on the stove.
•  

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• Define and give an example of chemical energy,
  nuclear energy, mechanical energy, thermal
  energy, electromagnetic energy, and electrical
  energy.
• Chemical energy energy stored in chemical
  bonds.
• Examples The flame of a candle or digesting
  food
• Nuclear energy energy stored in the nucleus
  of an atom as a result of the nuclear forces.
• Examples Nuclear power plant (fission). Stars
  burning (fusion) 
• Mechanical energy the sum of an objects
  potential and kinetic energy
• Example throwing a ball in the air.
• Thermal energy the total amount of energy of
  an object due to the motion of the particles.
• Example a cup of hot chocolate.
• Electromagnetic energy travels in waves. It
  has some electrical and magnetic properties
• Example X-rays, light.
• Electrical energy the energy of moving
  charges (electrons).
• Example Most of our appliances/electronics use
  electrical energy toasters, lights, televisions,
  etc.
•  

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• 39. Describe the Law of Conservation of Energy.
• Energy changes form, but is never created or
  destroyed.
• 40. Describe electromagnetic waves. What are the
  7 major parts of electromagnetic waves?
• Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium
  in which to travel.
• Radio, microwave, infrared, visible light,
  ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma rays.
• 41. Describe mechanical waves.
• Requires a medium in which to travel.
• 42. What makes electromagnetic and mechanical
  waves different? Mechanical waves use only matter
  for travel and electromagnetic use matter and
  space for travel.
•  

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• 43. Draw a transverse wave and diagram the
  following parts amplitude, wavelength, crest,
  and trough. Define each part of the wave.
•  
• Amplitude a measure of how high crests are the
  greater the amplitude, the more energy a wave
  carries
• Wavelengthdistance from the top of one crest to
  the top of the next crest or from the bottom of
  one trough to the bottom of the next trough
• Crest highest part of wave
• Trough lowest part of wave

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• 44. Draw a longitudinal wave and diagram the
  following parts rarefaction compression.