Genomics and Me

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Genomics and Me

• The Study of Cancer Disease

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Introduction

• What is Cancer Disease?
• A set of disease in which cells escape from the
  control mechanisms
• Will cause death
• Cancer gene products produced in two ways
• Quantitatively
• - gene products expressed at an abnormally
  level or not expressed at all.
• Qualitatively
• - DNA sequence changed (gene is mutated)

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• How to detect the cancer gene?
• By comparing the fingerprint of a normal
  cell with a cancer cell will highlight genes by
  their suspicious presence or absence, the cancer
  genome anatomist can determine whether such
  suspect play a role in cancer.
• Cancerous cell usually undergo a gradual
  transformation and often goes undetected for
  years. Thus the cancer cell genetic study is very
  important in cancer curing.

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Causes of Cancer

• Chemicals
• - Chemical in the workplace
• e.g. manufacture of dyes and chemicals
• - Tobacco and Alcohol
• - Diet
• aromatic amines and polycyclic hydrocarbons
• (over cooking)
• free radicals (metabolism of certain food)
• - Environmental pollution
• -aromatic hydrocarbons produced by the burning
  of
• of wood, tobacco, and fossil fuels

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• Viruses
• e.g. hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the human
  immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Irradiation
• Ultraviolet from sunlight and atomic/ionizing
  radiation such as nuclear explosions

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• Not all carcinogens do cause cancer because
• most are eliminated by the immune system.
• one mutation usually is not enough to cause
  cancer
• How cancer causes?
• There is a cellular gene called
  proto-oncogene, which code for proteins that
  stimulate normal cell growth and division. When
  proto-oncogene turns to oncogene , cancer will
  occur.
• When proto-oncogene exposed to carcinogen
  (cancer-causers), its fragile sites will break
  and then proto-oncogene will turn to oncogene.

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• The genetic changes that convert proto-oncogene
  to oncogene fall into three main categories
• movement of DNA within the genome
• amplification of a proto-oncogene
• point mutation in a proto-oncogene

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Treatment Methods of Cancer

• Gene therapy
• a new technique of cancer treatment
• to treat cancer patients by alter patients
  genetic material to fight or prevent cancer
• improve human bodys natural ability to fight the
  disease or make the cancer cells more sensitive
  to other kinds of therapy

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• Methods
• supply cells with healthy copies of missing
• e.g. insert missing DNA into a certain genetic
  material by vectors
• altered gene by insert missing DNA or change
  cells function
• e.g. stimulate immune system cells to attack
  cancer cells, and to introduce the multidrug
  resistance (MDR) gene into stem cells
• the most common vectors are viruses. Retroviruses
  are usually used

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• ex vivo
• To remove patients cells and grown the cells
  in the laboratory . Exposed to cells to the virus
  that is carrying the desired gene. The virus will
  enter the cell, and the desired gene will become
  the part of cells DNA. Finally inject the cells
  into patients vein.
• in vivo
• the desired gene is delivering to the
  patients cells by vectors or liposomes inside
  the patients body.

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• The Side effects
• when viral vectors carry desired gene into cells,
  they might altered genes of other healthy cells
• the new gene might be inserted into the wrong
  location in DNA
• the transferred gene may be over expressed that
  produce too much of missing protein and may cause
  inflammation, and then the virus could be
  transmitted from the patients to other people

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• The first disease approved for treatment with
  gene therapy was adenosine deaminase (ADA)
  deficiency.
• The first clinical trial of gene therapy began
  in September 1990

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• Surgery
• Cryosurgery
• the use of extreme cold to destroy cancer
• side effects can lead to heavy bleeding
• Laser therapy
• - carbon dioxide (CO2) laser
• - neodymiumyttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd YAG)
  laser
• - argon laser

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• Chemotherapy
• The using of antidrugs.
• side effects also harm to healthy cell
• Radiation therapy
• Also called radiotherapy, is the treatment of
  cancer with ionizing radiation.
• usually used involves photons, such as X-ray
  And Gamma rays.
• Side effects temporary or permanent loss of
  hair, the skin irritation in the treated area.

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• Biological therapy
• Sometimes called immunotherapy, is a therapy
  that use the body immune system to fight cancer
  or to lessen the side effects which caused by
  other cancer treatment.
• It is to repair, stimulate, or enhance the
  immune systems responses by using of antibodies,
  cytokines, and other immune substances.

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The End

• Have a nice Christmas ?