Using the Work of Others:

1
Using the Work of Others

• Getting Ideas into Your Papers while Avoiding
  Plagiarism
• All examples taken from H. Ramsey Fowler, ed.
  The Little, Brown Handbook,., 6th ed. New York
  HarperCollins, 1995.

2
Agenda

• Review of types of plagiarism why it matters
• Process of note taking
• Writing ideas (notes)
• Summarizing
• Paraphrasing
• Direct quotations
• Combination of above
• Recognizing plagiarism
• Checklist for avoiding plagiarism

3
Note taking Process

• While skimming, read with a specific question in
  mind
• Consult index, table of contents, headings to
  help discover what you want
• Skip material unrelated to your question
• New words, new word order
• Use a systematic way to take notescategorize and
  separate each note in a category

4
Summarizing

• Summarizing is distilling a passage or text to
  its main points, in your own words.
• A summary should state the main ideas in a
  passage using as few words as possible.
• Use summary to digest the core of what a writer
  is saying, without examples or evidence.

5
Summarizing

• Ann Hughey and Eric Gelman, Managing the Womans
  Way, Newsweek, p. 47
• Generalizing about male and female styles of
  management is a tricky business, because
  stereotypes have traditionally been used to keep
  women down. Not too long ago it was a widely
  accepted truth that women were unstable,
  indecisive, temperamental and manipulative and
  werent good team members because theyd never
  played football. In fighting off these
  prejudices many women simply tried to adopt
  masculine traits in the office.
• Rather than be labeled with the sexist
  stereotypes that prevented their promotions, many
  women adopted masculine qualities.

6
Paraphrasing

• Paraphrasing is a close restatement of the
  authors original presentation, in your own
  words.
• Paraphrase is most useful when you want to follow
  an authors thinking or reasoning without
  directly quoting.
• Read passage several times to understand it.
• Restate in your own words and sentence structure.
  Select what is pertinent and restate.
• Dont distort original meaning of text!

7
Paraphrasing

• Generalizing about male and female styles of
  management is a tricky business, because
  stereotypes have traditionally been used to keep
  women down.
• Paraphrase
• Because of the risk of stereotyping, which
  has served as a tool to block women from
  management, it is difficult to characterize a
  feminine management style.
• In fighting off these prejudices many women
  simply tried to adopt masculine traits in the
  office.
• Paraphrase
• Many women have defended themselves at work
  by adopting the qualities of men.

8
Direct Quotation

• Use direct quotation only when the exact words of
  the original are important.
• In papers analyzing primary sources such as
  literary works, you will use it extensively.
• Tests (when original satisfies one of following)
• Language is unusually vivid, bold or inventive
• Quotation cannot be paraphrased without
  distortion of meaning or loss of meaning.
• Words themselves are at issue in your
  interpretation
• Quotation is a graph, diagram, or table.

9
Combination

• Generalizing about male and female styles of
  management is a tricky business, because
  stereotypes have traditionally been used to keep
  women down. Not too long ago it was a widely
  accepted truth that women were unstable,
  indecisive, temperamental and manipulative and
  werent good team members because theyd never
  played football. In fighting off these
  prejudices many women simply tried to adopt
  masculine traits in the office.
• Combination
• It is difficult to characterize a feminine style
  of management because stereotypes have
  traditionally been used to keep women down.
  Women have been cited as unstable, indecisive,
  temperamental and manipulative and have been
  accused of not being good team members. Many
  women defended themselves at work by adopting the
  qualities of men.

10
Recognizing Plagiarism Exercise

• Compare each attempt to quote or paraphrase the
  passage.
• Which, if any are plagiarized, inaccurate, or
  both, and which are acceptable?
• Why?

11
Avoiding Plagiarism Checklist

• What type of source are you using your own
  independent material, common knowledge, or
  someone elses independent material? You must
  acknowledge someone elses material.
• If you are quoting someone elses material, is
  the quotation exact? Are graphs, statistics, and
  other borrowed material identical to source?
  Omissions with ellipsis and additions with
  brackets?
• Have you used your own words and sentence
  structure when paraphrasing or summarizing? Have
  you represented the authors meaning without
  distortion?
• Is each use of someone elses material
  acknowledged in your text? Are your citations
  complete and accurate?
• Does your works cited list include all sources
  listed in your paper?