Intelligence

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Intelligence

• What makes us smart?
• Or not so smart?

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• Introduction to Intelligence Reading Quiz
• Intelligence is a socially constructed concept.
  This means that different cultures
• tend to view as intelligent those traits that
  enable success in their own way of life.
• A 6-year-old child has a mental age of 9. the
  child's IQ is
• 150
• The existence of ________________ reinforces the
  generally accepted notion that intelligence is a
  multidimensional quality.
• savant syndrome

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• The concept of a g factor implies that
  intelligence
• is a single overall ability.
• Gerardeen has superb social skills, manages
  conflicts well, and has great empathy for her
  friends and co-workers. Peter Salovey and John
  Mayer would probably say that Gerardeen possesses
  a high degree of
• emotional intelligence.

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Intelligence

• The ability to learn from experience, solve
  problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new
  situations.

According to this definition, are both Albert
Einstein and Babe Ruth intelligent?
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Theories of Intelligence

• Remember Fluid versus Crystallized Intelligence?
• 4 main theoretical concepts of intelligence.

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1.) Charles Spearman and his G factor

• Used Factor Analysis (A statistical procedure
  that identifies clusters of related items on a
  test) and discovered that what we see as many
  different skills is actually one General
  Intelligence.
• If you are good at one subject you are usually
  good at many others.

Jack Bauer is good at torturing, bomb defusing,
shooting, figuring out evil plots and saving the
country (and he is good looking). Is there
anything he cannot do?
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2.) Multiple Intelligences

• Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearmans idea of
  general intelligence and instead came up with the
  concept of multiple intelligences.
• He came up with the idea by studying people with
  savant syndrome (a condition where a person has
  limited mental ability but is exceptional in one
  area).
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vGlNiAqYN6ZQ

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Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences

• Gardner believes that there exists at least 8
  different types of intelligences.
• Linguistic
• Logical-mathematical
• Spatial
• Musical
• Body-kinesthetic
• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal
• Naturalist

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3.) Robert Sternbergs Triarchic Theory

• Most commonly accepted theory today.
• Three types of intelligence
• Analytical - academic problem solving.
• Creative - generating novel ideas.
• Practical - required for everyday tasks where
  multiple solutions exist.

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4.) Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

• First called social intelligence.
• The ability to perceive, express, understand, and
  regulate emotions.
• Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor
  for future success than IQ.

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Creativity

• The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
• There seems to be NO relationship between IQ and
  creativity.
• Components of Creativity
• Expertise.
• Imaginative thinking skills.
• Venturesome personality.
• Intrinsic motivation.
• A creative environment.
• Damage to the frontal lobes can destroy
  imagination.

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Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link?

• Small .15 correlation between head size and
  intelligence scores (relative to body size).
• Using an MRI we found .44 correlation with brain
  size and IQ score.

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Brain Function and Intelligence

• Higher performing brains are less active than
  lower performing brains (use less glucose).
• But there is a positive correlation with
  neurological speed.

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• Assessing Intelligence Reading Quiz
• Standardization refers to the process of
• determining the accuracy with which a test
  measures what it is supposed to.
• defining meaningful scores relative to a
  representative pretested group.
• determining the consistency of test scores
  obtained by retesting people.
• measuring the success with which a test predicts
  the behavior it is designed to predict.
• Before about age ______, intelligence tests
  generally do not predict future sores
• 1
• 4
• 5
• 10
• 15

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The bell-shaped distribution of intelligence
scores in the general population is called a A.
g distribution B. standardization curve C.
bimodal distribution D. normal distribution Studi
es of 2- to 7-month-old babies showed that babies
who quickly become bored with a picture A. often
develop learning disabilities later on B. score
lower on infant intelligence tests. C. score
higher on intelligence tests several years
later D. score very low on intelligence tests
several years later
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Which of the following is not a requirement of a
good test A. reliability B. standardization C.
reification D. validity E. criterion
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How do we Assess Intelligence?

• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure
  out a concept called a mental age (what a person
  of a particular age should know). They did this
  by measuring their reasoning skills.
• They discovered that by discovering someones
  mental age they can predict future performance.
• They were hoping to identify children likely to
  have difficulty in school.

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I.Q. (Intelligence Quotient)

• Lewis Terman (Stanford University) used Binets
  research to construct the modern day I.Q. test
  called the Stanford-Binet Test.
• I.Q. is a measure of intelligence that is
  obtained by comparing mental age (MA) as
  determined by testing, with chronological age
  (CA).
• German psychologist William Stern derived the
  famous formula for I.Q.

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Sterns I.Q. Formula

• A 8 year old girl has a mental age of 11, what is
  her IQ?
• 138
• A 12 year old boy has the mental age of 9, what
  is his IQ?
• 75
• A boy has the mental age of 10 and a
  chronological age of 10 what is his IQ?
• 100

• IQMental age diveded by Chronological age X 100.

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Problems with the IQ Formula

• It does not really work well on adults, why?

If a 60 year old man
does as well as an average 30 year old,
then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!
That makes no sense!!!!!
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Wechsler Intelligence Tests

• David Wechsler designed a test to measure real
  world intelligence, not just verbal skills. Most
  widely used test today.
• Consists of 11 subtests gives an overall IQ
  score and scores for the subtest areas (i.e.
  verbal, performance).
• WAIS (for adults).
• WISC (for children).

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (sub-scores and
subtests)
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The Flynn Effect
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How do we construct an IQ Test?

• Standardization.
• Reliability.
• Validity.

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Standardization

• The test must be pre-tested to a representative
  sample of people and
• Form a normal distribution or bell curve.

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Reliability

• The extent which a test yields consistent results
  over time.
• Spilt halves or testretest method.

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Validity

• The extent to which a test measures what it is
  supposed to measure.
• Content Validity does the test sample a behavior
  of interest?
• Predictive Validity does the test predict future
  behavior. (Criterion related validity the
  strength of the correlation).

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Types of Tests

• Aptitude

• Achievement

• Measure ability or potential.

• Tests that measure what you have learned.

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Does Intelligence Change Over Time?

• By age 4, a childs IQ can predict adolescent IQ
  scores.
• After age 7, IQ scores stabilize and the
  consistency of the scores increase with the age
  of the child.

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Extremes of Intelligence
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Superior Intelligence

• Marilyn vos Savant recorded one of the highest
  IQs ever. At 7 years of age she was answering
  questions like a typical 13 year old.
• People with superior intelligence tend to be
  healthier, more successful and have higher self
  esteem than the general population.
• Superior intelligence 130
• Genius 140

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Intellectual Disability

• A condition of limited mental ability not able
  to perform at a level appropriate for their age
  (indicated by below a 70 IQ).
• Can be caused by physical defects (injury,
  disease and genetic defects) that affect brain
  growth and development.
• Environmental factors such as nutrition, poor
  health, drug abuse and lack of stimulation can
  also contribute to intellectual disability.

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Intellectual Disability

• Classifications of Intellectual Disability
• 50-70 Mild
• 35-50 Moderate
• 20-35 Severe
• Under 20 Profound
• People with IQ scores around 70 can hold jobs
  with assistance, but as you move down towards
  severe and profound, the physical defects are
  more severe.

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Is Intelligence Inherited?

• Most psychologists believe intelligence is 50
  inherited.
• Other factors education, social class,
  environment, nutrition and stimulation
  (especially at an early age).

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Figure 9.13 Studies of IQ similarity
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Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• As a group, white Americans tend to have an
  average IQ test score about 8 to 15 points higher
  than their Hispanic or African-American
  counterparts.
• Evidence suggests environmental differences are
  largely responsible for the IQ differences in
  ethnic groups.
• Asian students outperform North American students
  on math achievement and aptitude tests.

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Gender Similarities and Differences

• Females Are Good At
• Verbal ability girls excel at reading, spelling,
  and writing.
• Recognizing emotions.
• Spatial memory females tend to have better
  memory for spatial locations of objects.

• Males Are Good At
• Around age 11 boys start to excel in higher
  levels of math.
• And also spatial skills (like reading a road
  map). Prenatal testosterone may be a factor.

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Stereotype Threat

• The tendency to perform worse when conscious of
  being in a group stereotyped as performing
  poorly.
• Equally capable women will perform worse than men
  on math tests if they believe that women arent
  good in math.
• This same phenomenon has been found with African
  Americans when testing with whites or Asians.

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Test Bias

• Some tests do discriminate.
• But this is primarily due to different cultural
  experiences.
• 2 Tests designed to illustrate cultural bias
• Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity
  (B.I.T.C.H. Test)
• Dove Counterbalance I.Q.Test (Chitlings Test)