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Intelligence

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Title: Intelligence


1
Intelligence
  • What makes us smart?
  • Or not so smart?

2
  • Introduction to Intelligence Reading Quiz
  • Intelligence is a socially constructed concept.
    This means that different cultures
  • tend to view as intelligent those traits that
    enable success in their own way of life.
  • A 6-year-old child has a mental age of 9. the
    child's IQ is
  • 150
  • The existence of ________________ reinforces the
    generally accepted notion that intelligence is a
    multidimensional quality.
  • savant syndrome

3
  • The concept of a g factor implies that
    intelligence
  • is a single overall ability.
  • Gerardeen has superb social skills, manages
    conflicts well, and has great empathy for her
    friends and co-workers. Peter Salovey and John
    Mayer would probably say that Gerardeen possesses
    a high degree of
  • emotional intelligence.

4
Intelligence
  • The ability to learn from experience, solve
    problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new
    situations.

According to this definition, are both Albert
Einstein and Babe Ruth intelligent?
5
Theories of Intelligence
  • Remember Fluid versus Crystallized Intelligence?
  • 4 main theoretical concepts of intelligence.

6
1.) Charles Spearman and his G factor
  • Used Factor Analysis (A statistical procedure
    that identifies clusters of related items on a
    test) and discovered that what we see as many
    different skills is actually one General
    Intelligence.
  • If you are good at one subject you are usually
    good at many others.

Jack Bauer is good at torturing, bomb defusing,
shooting, figuring out evil plots and saving the
country (and he is good looking). Is there
anything he cannot do?
7
2.) Multiple Intelligences
  • Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearmans idea of
    general intelligence and instead came up with the
    concept of multiple intelligences.
  • He came up with the idea by studying people with
    savant syndrome (a condition where a person has
    limited mental ability but is exceptional in one
    area).
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vGlNiAqYN6ZQ

8
Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences
  • Gardner believes that there exists at least 8
    different types of intelligences.
  • Linguistic
  • Logical-mathematical
  • Spatial
  • Musical
  • Body-kinesthetic
  • Intrapersonal
  • Interpersonal
  • Naturalist

9
3.) Robert Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
  • Most commonly accepted theory today.
  • Three types of intelligence
  • Analytical - academic problem solving.
  • Creative - generating novel ideas.
  • Practical - required for everyday tasks where
    multiple solutions exist.

10
4.) Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
  • First called social intelligence.
  • The ability to perceive, express, understand, and
    regulate emotions.
  • Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor
    for future success than IQ.

11
Creativity
  • The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
  • There seems to be NO relationship between IQ and
    creativity.
  • Components of Creativity
  • Expertise.
  • Imaginative thinking skills.
  • Venturesome personality.
  • Intrinsic motivation.
  • A creative environment.
  • Damage to the frontal lobes can destroy
    imagination.

12
Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link?
  • Small .15 correlation between head size and
    intelligence scores (relative to body size).
  • Using an MRI we found .44 correlation with brain
    size and IQ score.

13
Brain Function and Intelligence
  • Higher performing brains are less active than
    lower performing brains (use less glucose).
  • But there is a positive correlation with
    neurological speed.

14
  • Assessing Intelligence Reading Quiz
  • Standardization refers to the process of
  • determining the accuracy with which a test
    measures what it is supposed to.
  • defining meaningful scores relative to a
    representative pretested group.
  • determining the consistency of test scores
    obtained by retesting people.
  • measuring the success with which a test predicts
    the behavior it is designed to predict.
  • Before about age ______, intelligence tests
    generally do not predict future sores
  • 1
  • 4
  • 5
  • 10
  • 15

15
The bell-shaped distribution of intelligence
scores in the general population is called a A.
g distribution B. standardization curve C.
bimodal distribution D. normal distribution Studi
es of 2- to 7-month-old babies showed that babies
who quickly become bored with a picture A. often
develop learning disabilities later on B. score
lower on infant intelligence tests. C. score
higher on intelligence tests several years
later D. score very low on intelligence tests
several years later
16
Which of the following is not a requirement of a
good test A. reliability B. standardization C.
reification D. validity E. criterion
17
How do we Assess Intelligence?
  • Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure
    out a concept called a mental age (what a person
    of a particular age should know). They did this
    by measuring their reasoning skills.
  • They discovered that by discovering someones
    mental age they can predict future performance.
  • They were hoping to identify children likely to
    have difficulty in school.

18
I.Q. (Intelligence Quotient)
  • Lewis Terman (Stanford University) used Binets
    research to construct the modern day I.Q. test
    called the Stanford-Binet Test.
  • I.Q. is a measure of intelligence that is
    obtained by comparing mental age (MA) as
    determined by testing, with chronological age
    (CA).
  • German psychologist William Stern derived the
    famous formula for I.Q.

19
Sterns I.Q. Formula
  • A 8 year old girl has a mental age of 11, what is
    her IQ?
  • 138
  • A 12 year old boy has the mental age of 9, what
    is his IQ?
  • 75
  • A boy has the mental age of 10 and a
    chronological age of 10 what is his IQ?
  • 100
  • IQMental age diveded by Chronological age X 100.

20
Problems with the IQ Formula
  • It does not really work well on adults, why?

If a 60 year old man
does as well as an average 30 year old,
then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!
That makes no sense!!!!!
21
Wechsler Intelligence Tests
  • David Wechsler designed a test to measure real
    world intelligence, not just verbal skills. Most
    widely used test today.
  • Consists of 11 subtests gives an overall IQ
    score and scores for the subtest areas (i.e.
    verbal, performance).
  • WAIS (for adults).
  • WISC (for children).

22
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (sub-scores and
subtests)
23
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24
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25
The Flynn Effect
26
How do we construct an IQ Test?
  • Standardization.
  • Reliability.
  • Validity.

27
Standardization
  • The test must be pre-tested to a representative
    sample of people and
  • Form a normal distribution or bell curve.

28
Reliability
  • The extent which a test yields consistent results
    over time.
  • Spilt halves or testretest method.

29
Validity
  • The extent to which a test measures what it is
    supposed to measure.
  • Content Validity does the test sample a behavior
    of interest?
  • Predictive Validity does the test predict future
    behavior. (Criterion related validity the
    strength of the correlation).

30
Types of Tests
  • Aptitude
  • Achievement
  • Measure ability or potential.
  • Tests that measure what you have learned.

31
Does Intelligence Change Over Time?
  • By age 4, a childs IQ can predict adolescent IQ
    scores.
  • After age 7, IQ scores stabilize and the
    consistency of the scores increase with the age
    of the child.

32
Extremes of Intelligence
33
Superior Intelligence
  • Marilyn vos Savant recorded one of the highest
    IQs ever. At 7 years of age she was answering
    questions like a typical 13 year old.
  • People with superior intelligence tend to be
    healthier, more successful and have higher self
    esteem than the general population.
  • Superior intelligence 130
  • Genius 140

34
Intellectual Disability
  • A condition of limited mental ability not able
    to perform at a level appropriate for their age
    (indicated by below a 70 IQ).
  • Can be caused by physical defects (injury,
    disease and genetic defects) that affect brain
    growth and development.
  • Environmental factors such as nutrition, poor
    health, drug abuse and lack of stimulation can
    also contribute to intellectual disability.

35
Intellectual Disability
  • Classifications of Intellectual Disability
  • 50-70 Mild
  • 35-50 Moderate
  • 20-35 Severe
  • Under 20 Profound
  • People with IQ scores around 70 can hold jobs
    with assistance, but as you move down towards
    severe and profound, the physical defects are
    more severe.

36
Is Intelligence Inherited?
  • Most psychologists believe intelligence is 50
    inherited.
  • Other factors education, social class,
    environment, nutrition and stimulation
    (especially at an early age).

37
Figure 9.13 Studies of IQ similarity
38
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
  • As a group, white Americans tend to have an
    average IQ test score about 8 to 15 points higher
    than their Hispanic or African-American
    counterparts.
  • Evidence suggests environmental differences are
    largely responsible for the IQ differences in
    ethnic groups.
  • Asian students outperform North American students
    on math achievement and aptitude tests.

39
Gender Similarities and Differences
  • Females Are Good At
  • Verbal ability girls excel at reading, spelling,
    and writing.
  • Recognizing emotions.
  • Spatial memory females tend to have better
    memory for spatial locations of objects.
  • Males Are Good At
  • Around age 11 boys start to excel in higher
    levels of math.
  • And also spatial skills (like reading a road
    map). Prenatal testosterone may be a factor.

40
Stereotype Threat
  • The tendency to perform worse when conscious of
    being in a group stereotyped as performing
    poorly.
  • Equally capable women will perform worse than men
    on math tests if they believe that women arent
    good in math.
  • This same phenomenon has been found with African
    Americans when testing with whites or Asians.

41
Test Bias
  • Some tests do discriminate.
  • But this is primarily due to different cultural
    experiences.
  • 2 Tests designed to illustrate cultural bias
  • Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity
    (B.I.T.C.H. Test)
  • Dove Counterbalance I.Q.Test (Chitlings Test)
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