Endoparasites

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Endoparasites Ruminants

• Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt MPH VMD

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Goals and Objectives

• Understand the influence of parasitism on
• production
• Become familiar with the types of parasites
• afflicting agricultural animals
• Understand the public health implications of
• selected parasites
• Understand the basic principles of parasite
• control and treatment

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Parasitology - Ruminants

• Economic Losses
• Poor ADG
• Abortion
• Decreased conception
• rates
• Death
• Public Health
• Zoonosis

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Reasons For Economic Losses

• -Producer Unaware of parasite damage
• parasite-related losses more than 100 million
• - Timing Frequency of treatments
• -Choice of dewormer
• -Parasites have greatest impact on high producing
  animals.

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What is ruminants Parasitism?

• It is a herd disease
• It is a production disease
• It develops during grazing
• 99 of all pastures contaminated

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Level of Parasitism Related To

• Age of animals
• Pasture contamination level
• Stocking rate of animals
• Grazing environment Weather
• Immune status of animals

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Definition

• Types of relationships between organism and
• host
• Commensal - one benefits without harming the
• other
• Mutualism - both participants benefit
• Parasitism - one benefits at the expense of
  the
• other

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Definition

• Endoparasite - internal infection
• Ectoparasite - external infestation
• Zoonotic infection - transmission of an infection
  from animals to humans

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Definition

• Life cycle - from the start of one generation to
  the start of the next
• Direct - completion of life cycle requires a
  single host
• Indirect - completion of life cycle requires
  greater than one host

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Direct Lifecycle
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Indirect Lifecycle
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Definition

• Definitive Host - where sexual reproduction of
• parasite occurs
• Intermediate Host - required to complete a
• developmental phase in the parasites life-cycle,
• excluding sexual reproduction
• Pre-patent Period - time from infection of
  definitive host to the production of parasite
  offspring

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Strategy For Lactating Cows

• Decrease milk production in early lactation
• Risk assessment
• Design deworming program

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1.- High ParasiteContamination Level

• Cows grazing pasture during lactation
• When rotational grazing is practiced

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2. Moderate ParasiteContamination Level

• Cows grazing pasture only during dry period
• Cows with access to an exercise lot only (with
  some grass)

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Low ParasiteContamination Level

• Cows with access to dirt dry lot

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4. Extremely Low ParasiteContamination Level

• Cows in total confinement
• Cows on a concrete dry lot

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Parasite Indications

• Purpose of the tests
• Fecal smear detection of certain protozoan
  trophozoites
• Fecal Float
• Fecal Sedimentation
• Comparison of techniques

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• Technique
• Samples can be stored if refrigerated
• Sugar solution
• One pound of sugar.
• Add to 12 oz(355cc) of hot water.
• Slides can be refrigerated for reading later

• Materials
• Sugar solution dispensing syringe
• Tea strainer
• 3/5 oz dixie cups
• Tongue depressors
• Taper bottom 15cc tubes
• Test tube rack
• Microscope slides 22x22 mm cover slips

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• Add 15 - 17 cc sugar
• solution to sample

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• Place 3 - 5 grams of
• fecal material into a 3
• oz paper cup
• (About a thimble full)

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• Stir solution fecal
• sample to an even
• consistency.

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• Stir solution fecal
• sample to an even
• consistency.

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• Use a tongue depressor,
• press as much material
• through strainer as
• possible.

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• 1. Pour into 15cc taper
• bottom centrifuge tube.
• 2. Centrifuge in swinging arm centrifuge at 900
• rpm for 5 7 minutes.

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• 1. Place tube in rack and top off with sugar
  solution to form a meniscus.
• 2. Place 22x22 mm
• cover slip on tube
• and leave in place
• for 2 - 4 minutes.

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• Lift cover slip upward
• place on slide

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Modified Wisconsin Sugar FlotationMethod

• Use microscope to
• scan entire cover slip
• for egg count

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TAXONOMY

• KINGDOM
• PHYLUM
• CLASS
• ORDER
• SUPERFAMILY
• FAMILY
• SUBFAMILY
• GENUS
• SPECIES

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Order Superfamily Comments
Strongylida TrichostrongyloideaStrongyloideaAncylostomatoideaMetastrongyloidea "Bursate" nematodes
Ascaridida Ascaridoidea "Non-bursate" nematodes
Oxyurida Oxyuroidea "Non-bursate" nematodes
Rhabditida Rhabditoidea "Non-bursate" nematodes
Spirurida SpiruroideaThelazioideaFilarioideaHabronematoidea "Non-bursate" nematodes
Enoplida Trichuroidea(Trichinelloidea)Dioctophymatoidea "Non-bursate" nematodes



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Parasite Fecal flotation - Nematodes

• Strongylida
• Trichostrongylidae
• Haemonchus placei / contortus Barberpole/ wire
  worm
• Ostertagi Ostertagi Brown stomach worm
• Trichostrongylus axei Bankrupt worm/ small
  stomach worm
• Trichostrongylus colubriformis Hair worm/ black
  scour worm
• Cooperia spp Cattle bankrupt worm
• Nematodirus spp Thin necked intestinal worm
• Strongylidae
• Oesphagostomum radiatum nodular worm
• Ancyclostomatoidea
• Bunostomum phlebotomum hookworms

• Enoplida Trichuridae
• Trichuris Ovis whipworms
• Capillaria spp.
• Rhabditida Rhabditoidea
• Strongyloides papilosus threadworm
• Spirurida
• Gongylonema pulchrum Esophageal worm

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Parasite Fecal flotation

• CESTODES
• Monieza benedeni
• PROTOZOA
• Eimeria spp Coccidia
• Cryptosporidium spp.

Moniezia expansa,egg. Courtesy of Merial
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Parasite Fecal Sedimentation - Trematode

• Fasciola hepatica common liver fluke

Paramphistomum sp rumen fluke
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Parasite - Dx

• Baerman Technique
• Strongylida
• Trichostrongylidae
• Dictyocaulus Viviparous lung worm

• Serological test/ necropsy
• CESTODES
• Taenia saginata Beef measles
• Blood smears
• Protozoa
• Babesia bigemina
• Mff
• Nematodes
• Onchocera spp. skin nodular worm
• Setaria cervi Abdominal worm

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Common Parasites
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Definition

• Types of parasites
• Nematodes (phylum nemathelminthes)- round
  worms
• Cestodes (phylum platyhelminthes) - flat worms
• Trematodes (phylum platyhelminthes) - flukes
• Protozoa (phylum protozoa) - single-celled
  eukaryotes

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Nematodes

• Adult worms
• male and female
• range in size from large to microscopic
• Eggs ?Larvae (stage 1-4) ?Adult
• Most have direct life cycles
• Most transmitted as infective larvae on
  pasture
• GI tract and lungs as adults

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GI Nematodes

• 11 Genera, Many Species
• Sites
• abomasum, small intestine, cecum, and large
• intestine
• Most ruminants chronic infections
• Production losses and clinical disease are
• proportional to severity of infection

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GI Nematodes Hot complex

• Haemonchus contortus or placei
• 1 (2 - 3 cm)
• Abomasum of small ruminants
• feeds on blood
• Clinical signs
• anemia
• death

Haemonchus placei, eggs. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich
Barth, Merial
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Clinical signs Haemonchus

• Calf is in poor condition with bottle jaw due
  to hypoproteinemia and anemia.
• It is massive direct damage, usually late winter.

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Adults in the abomasum.
Barberpole worm
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GI Nematodes

• Ostertagia ostertagi (brown stomach worm)
• 1/2 (1 cm) adult worm abomasum
• most serious impact on calves
• disrupt gastric acid secretion
• Clinical signs
• diarrhea
• ill-thrift
• poor feed conversion

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Ostertagia ostertagi
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GI Nematodes

• Trichostrongylus axei
• Bankrupt worm
• Adults 1/4 (4-8 mm) abomasum
• Clinical signs
• Diarrhea
• dehydration
• bottle jaw
• emaciation

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GI Nematodes

• Cooperia spp.
• Bankrupt worm
• Adults 1/4 (4-8 mm) SI
• Clinical signs
• Anorexia
• Decreased growth
• Eggs are smaller than strongyles

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GI Nematodes

• Nematodirus spp.
• Thin necked intestinal worms
• N. battus is more pathogenic
• SI
• Diarrhea, Anorexia

B typical strongyle egg
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GI Nematodes

• Strongylidae
• Oesphagostomum radiatum nodular worm
• SI, cecum, colon
• anorexia severe, constant, dark, persistent,
  fetid diarrhea weight loss and death
• Adults cysts in GI

• Ancyclostomatoidea
• Bunostomum phlebotomum hookworms
• SI
• Larger than strongyle eggs
• Diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, death young
  animals

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GI Nematodes

• Enoplida Trichuridae
• Trichuris Ovis whipworms
• Cecum, LI
• In heavy infections, dark feces, anemia, and
  anorexia

• Rhabditida Rhabditoidea
• Strongyloides papilosus threadworm
• SI
• Smaller eggs
• Dairy calves
• intermittent diarrhea, loss of appetite and
  weight, and sometimes blood and mucus in the
  feces

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GI Nematodes

• Strongylida
• Trichostrongylidae
• Dictyocaulus Viviparous lung worm
• SI, lung
• Tachypnea, to severe persistent coughing and
  dyspnea and even failure, weight loss, reduced
  milk yields

(Photo by Dr. Perry Habecker, Univ. Pennsylvania
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Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

• Hermaphroditic
• Intermediate host (indirect life cycle)
• Flattened appearance
• Tapeworms (Cestodes)
• Flukes (Trematodes)

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Tapeworms (cestodes)

• Adult worms few inches to 15 yards long
• Segmented worms with attached head
• (scolex)
• Ruminants intermediate host for canids and
• humans
• Ruminants eat eggs passed in feces of canids
• or people

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Tapeworms (cestodes)

• Cysts in carcass, pea-size to grape-size (beef
• measles)
• People/canids infected by eating encysted
• beef
• Carcass condemnation
• ID, WA feedlots - cattle infected with beef
• tapeworm of man (Taenia saginata) 10 losses in
  some feedlots

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Taenia saginata
Dx serological test/ necropsy and no treatment
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Liver Flukes (Trematodes)

• Fasciola hepatica (most common) Fascioloides
• magna
• Live in bile ducts as adults
• Aquatic snails intermediate host
• Clinical signs
• photosensitization
• reduced ADG
• hepatitis clostridial dz ?death
• Condemned liver at slaughter
• millions in losses
• Eggs are heavy sedimentation is recommended

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Protozoa

• Single-celled eukaryotes
• Amoeba Ciliates (not discussed)
• Apicomplexa
• Eimeria, Cryptosporium, Toxoplasma,
  Neospora, Babesia
• Flagellates
• Tritrichomonas, Giardia

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Apicomplexa

• Intracellular protozoa
• Coccidia
• Sexual reproduction in intestine ? oocysts in
  feces ? definitive (direct) host or intermediate
  (indirect) host

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Eimeria

• Direct life-cycle (all ruminants)
• Invade intestinal epithelium
• destruction of epithelial cells
• disruption of intestinal function
• Clinical signs
• acute and chronic disease
• watery and/or hematochezia
• decreased ADG ? clinical disease ? death
• young gtgt adult

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Cryptosporidium parvum

• Apicomplexa
• Similar to Eimeria
• Clinical signs
• diarrhea 1-2 week old calves
• disease severity varies
• Zoonotic particularly with immunocompromised
  host

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Toxoplasma gondii

• Indirect life-cycle
• Cat definitive host
• oocysts shed in cat feces
• Ruminants intermediate host
• tissue cysts
• Transmission to developing foetus
• abortion
• Zoonotic

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Neospora caninum

• Indirect life-cycle
• Dog intermediate host
• Clinical signs
• abortion
• neurologic disease in calves born alive

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Flagellates

• Mastigophora (flagellates that move with a whip)
• Extracellular parasites
• One or more flagella - assist with movement
• Divide by binary fission
• Example
• Tritrichomonas foetus

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Tritrichomonas foetus

• Simple reproduction
• binary fission
• trophozoite is only stage
• Venereal disease of cattle (bull carrier)
• Clinical signs
• early abortion
• pyometra
• significant losses due to decreased preg. rate

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References

• Large animal clinical procedures for veterinary
  technicians, Elizabeth A. Hanie, 2006
• http//www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm
  ?pk_ID6196
• http//courses.cals.uidaho.edu/avs/avs471/Lectures
  /Lectures202010/Lecture20Parasites20notes.pdf
• http//cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/parasi
  tepages/trematodes/Fhepatica.htm
• http//cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/index.
  htmlfecal
• http//www.sheepandgoat.com/HairSheepWorkshop/para
  sitism.html
• http//cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merial/Nematodes
  /Table1.htm

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References

• http//www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/vetpara/tutorial2.h
  tml
• http//www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile
  htm/bc/toc_22400.htm
• http//instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/c
  linpara/lst41_50.htm