Cell Respiration

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Cell Respiration
A. Forms of energy
B. States of energy
1. Potential
2. Kinetic
1. heat
5. sound
2. light
6. chemical
3. electric
7. mechanical
4. atomic
8. solar
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Cell Respiration
C. What is energy?
1. The capacity to do work or overcoming
resistance
D. First Law of Thermodynamics
1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can
be changed from one form to another
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Cell Respiration
E. Energy Transformations in a Living System
Cell Respiration
Photosynthesis
autotrophs/producers
heterotrophs / consumers
chloroplast / chlorophyll
mitochondria
CO2 H20
C6H12O6 O2
CO2 H20 ATP
C6H12O6 O2
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Chemical Pathways

• Food serves as a source of raw materials for the
  cells in the body and as a source of energy.

Animal Cells
Animal
Mitochondrion
Plant
Plant Cells
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• Both plant and animal cells carry out the final
  stages of cellular respiration in the
  mitochondria.

Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Animal Cells
Mitochondrion
Inner membrane
Plant Cells
Matrix
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Cell Respiration
F. The Outcome of Cell Respiration
1. Repackaging of the energy found in glucose
1 molecule of Glucose
55 gallons of milk analogy
36/38 molecules of ATP
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Cell Respiration

• Chemical Energy and Food
• One gram of the sugar glucose (C6H12O6), when
  burned in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811
  calories of heat energy.
• A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise
  the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree
  Celsius.

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Cell Respiration
F. The Outcome of Cell Respiration
1. Repackaging of the energy found in glucose
Glucose
ATP
C6H12O6 O2
CO2 H2O
2. ATP energy currency molecule
a. currency?
Spend or save
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Cell Respiration
F. The Outcome of Cell Respiration
3. How much energy from glucose?
a. 1 molecule of Glucose
38 / 36 molecules of ATP

HEAT
4. Breaking Down Glucose
a. Aerobic
i. with oxygen
b. Anaerobic
i. without oxygen
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Cell Respiration
4. Breaking Down Glucose
a. Anaerobic
i. without oxygen
ii. Fermentation processes
iii. Anaerobic organisms

• Clostridium tetani

Tetanus toxin

• Clostridium botulinum

Botulism toxin

• Clostridium perfringes

Gas gangrene
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Cell Respiration
5. Foundational Concepts
a. Oxidation
OXYGEN
i. Combining of a substance with

• Slow oxidation

rust

• Rapid oxidation

fire
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Cell Respiration
5. Foundational Concepts
a. Oxidation

• Very rapid oxidation

explosion

• medium oxidation

i. Biological oxidation / Cell respiration
ii. Mediated release of energy from glucose

• Mediated by?

Enzymes
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Cell Respiration
5. Foundational Concepts
a. Oxidation
i. combining with oxygen
ii. removal of a hydrogen
iii. removal of an electron

• the chemical definition of oxidation

iv. When oxidation occurs a linked process also
occurs
REDUCTION
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Cell Respiration
5. Foundational Concepts
a. Oxidation
iv. When oxidation occurs a linked process also
occurs
REDUCTION
Oxidation
Gain electron
lose electron
iv. Famous pairs
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Cell Respiration
5. Foundational Concepts
a. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
i. REDOX reactions
O I L R I G
Oxidation if lost
Reduction if gained
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Cell Respiration
5. Foundational Concepts
a. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
b. ATP
Adenosine Tri Phosphate
i. Energy carrier molecule
ii. Energy currency molecule
iii. Energy transfer molecule
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Cell Respiration
5. Foundational Concepts
b. ATP
Adenosine Tri Phosphate


P
Adenine
Phosphate
Ribose sugar
Adenosine Monophosphate
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Cell Respiration
HIGH ENERGY BOND
5. Foundational Concepts
b. ATP
Adenosine Diphosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate
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Cell Respiration
5. Foundational Concepts
c. Hydrogen (electron) Acceptor Molecules
1. Coenzymes
Enzyme helpers
i. Carry hydrogens from point a to point b
2. Kinds of Coenzyme helpers
i. NAD

• contains vitamin B3 - Niacin

• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NAD 2H
NADH2
Reduced gained e-
Hydrogens lost from substance (oxidized)
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Cell Respiration
5. Foundational Concepts
c. Hydrogen (electron) Acceptor Molecules
2. Kinds of Coenzyme helpers
ii. FAD

• contains riboflavin- vitamin B2

FAD 2H
FADH2
Reduced gained e-
Hydrogens lost from substance (oxidized)
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Overview of Cellular Respiration
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvicacid
Glucose
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Cell Respiration and The B movie
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Cell Respiration
G. The Process of Cell Respiration
stage occurs Aerobic or anaerobic ATP yield
glycolysis cytoplasm anaerobic 2 ATPs
Krebs Cycle or citric acid Mitochondria Matrix aerobic 2ATPs
Electron Transport Chain Mitochondria Cristae Aerobic 34/32 ATPs
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Cell Respiration
G. First Phase Glycolysis
1. overview
a. anaerobic
b. Most organisms carry out glycolysis (aerobic
and anaerobic)
i. anaerobes only energy pathway
c. aerobic prepatory stage for aerobes like us
d. Takes place in the cytoplasm
e. Net ATP yield 2 ATP for cell
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Cell Respiration
G. First Phase Glycolysis (overview)
Glucose (6C)
Nine Steps
cytoplasm
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
Pyruvic Acid (3C)
mitochondria
Acetyl CoA (2C)
Acetyl CoA (2C)
Begins Krebs
Begins Krebs
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Cell Respiration
G. First Phase Glycolysis (the video)
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Glycolysis

• ATP Production
• At the beginning of glycolysis, the cell uses up
  2 molecules of ATP to start the reaction.

4 ADP
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ATP
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
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Cell Respiration
Pyruvic pathways
Alcohol Fermentation
Cell Respiration
Lactic AcidFermentation
aerobic
anaerobic
anaerobic
glucose
glucose
glucose
glycolysis
glycolysis
pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid
ethanol
CO2
lactic acid
CO2
H2O
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Cell Respiration
Pyruvic pathways
Alcohol Fermentation
Cell Respiration
Lactic AcidFermentation
aerobic
anaerobic
anaerobic
pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid
ethanol
CO2
lactic acid
CO2
H2O
2ATP
2ATP
36 / 38 ATP