Unit 2 Chapter 2

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Principles of Ecology

• Unit 2Chapter 2

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What is ecology?

• Ecology study of interactions that take place
  between organisms and their environment

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Biosphere

• the portion of the Earth that supports living
  things
• Ex ocean, forest, atmosphere.

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Abiotic vs. Biotic factors

• Abiotic nonliving parts of the environment
• Ex light, air, temperature, soil
• Biotic living parts of the environment
• Ex bacteria, protist, fungus, plant, animal

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Which is Biotic/Abiotic?
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Levels of organization

• In biology, we begin at the chemical level which
  make up cells
• Which make tissues
• Organs
• Systems
• And finally, the individual organism

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Levels of organization from smallest to largest
in an Ecosystem.

• Organisms
• Individual
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

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Levels of organization

• In Ecology, we begin with the individual and move
  through the levels to the planet, Earth

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Individual

• made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds,
  grows, and develops

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Population

• group of organisms all of the same species, which
  interbreed and live in the same area at the same
  time

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Community

• interacting populations in a certain area at a
  certain time

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Ecosystem

• interacting communities and abiotic factors

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Habitat vs. Niche

• Habitat place where organism lives
• Niche role or position a species has in its
  environment

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End of What is Ecology Notes?

• Now lets do some practice!!!

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Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem Notes Du (2)
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Ecology and the flow of energy and matter

• By the end of this portion of the notes you
  should be able to describe how matter and energy
  flow through trophic levels using various models,
  including food chains, food webs and ecological
  pyramids

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How organisms obtain energy

• Autotroph (producer) photosynthetic or
  chemosynthetic, makes own food
• Heterotroph (consumer) eat other organisms,
  cannot make own food
• Decomposer breaks down dead or decaying
  organisms, recycles matter

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Autotroph
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• The sugar produced by autotrophs (through
  photosynthesis) can then be used by heterotrophs
  for energy

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Heterotrophs - scavengers

• Scavengers feed off of dead or decaying living
  things but do not recycle matter back into the
  ecosystem

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Heterotrophs - herbivores

• consume only vegetative matter
• mostly primary consumers.

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Heterotrophs - carnivores

• obtain energy from eating other consumers
• Secondary and tertiary consumers

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Decomposers

• Bacteria and fungi break down living matter and
  help release nutrients.
• Decomposers are found at every level of the food
  chain.
• They are natures recyclers.

Typical examples fungus and bacteria
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Autotrophs
Third-order heterotrophs
Second-order heterotrophs
First-order heterotrophs
Decomposers
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How Energy Flows

• From producer (autotroph) to consumer
  (heterotroph)

AUTOTROPH Water CO2 ? Sugar O2
HETEROTROPH Sugar O2 ? water CO2
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Food chain

• Series of steps in which organisms transfer
  energy by eating and being eaten
• The arrows show the direction energy flows.
• Trophic levels feeding step

berries ? mice ? black bear
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Food web

• shows interactions between organisms (all
  possible routes)

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Energy pyramid

• Shows how much energy is available at each
  trophic (energy) level.
• Only 10 of the available energy is transferred
  up to the next trophic level. The rest is
  released as heat

Pyramid of Energy
Heat
0.1 Consumers
Heat
1 Consumers
10 Consumers
Heat
Heat
Parasites, scavengers, and decomposers feed at
each level.
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Pyramid of Numbers

• Each level represents the number of organisms
  consumed by the level above it.

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End of Lecture 2

• Now lets practice!!

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Ecology Notes 3

• Cycles

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Two cycles in nature

• Carbon cycle
• Nitrogen cycle

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• Carbon Cycle
• driven by photosynthesis respiration
• recycles carbon, a primary component of all
  organic compounds

CO2 in Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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Carbon cycle
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• Nitrogen Cycle
• driven by decomposition of nitrifying bacteria
  and fungi
• atmospheric nitrogen must be converted to a
  usable form (by plants)

N2 in Atmosphere
NO3 and NO2
NH3
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Nitrogen cycle
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Now lets Practice

• Time to Draw some cycles.