ERA of REFORM

1
ERA of REFORM
2
SOCIETAL CHANGES

• 2nd Great Awakening period of religious revival
  after 1800, Charles Finney holds tent meetings
  (20,000), meant to awaken faith
• Individual responsibility for seeking salvation
• Helps spark reform
• New belief that all people (black and white)
  belong to God
• Utopian Communities perfect place everyone
  works together, self-sufficient, most didnt work
  well
• -New Harmony (pray, work hard, save)
• -Oneida
• -Brook Farm
• -Shakersonly remaining utopian community,
  men/women are equal, only a handful of members
  remain today because they rely on adoption

3
Transcendentalism

• -belief in a simple lifestyle and truth found in
  nature
• Pride in culture
• Philosophical and literary movement

• Walt WhitmanLeaves of Grass
• Ralph Waldo EmersonSelf-Reliance
• Henry David ThoreauWalden and Civil
  Disobedience (peacefully refuse to obey the law)

4
EdUcAtIoN

• One room schools, no state or fed laws before
  1800
• Few educated beyond 10, schooling varied across
  regions
• Horace Mannadvocates public school for all and
  paid for by taxes, Father of Education
• Noah Websterdeveloped the American English
  dictionary

5
Institution Reform

• Dorothea Dixprovide help for mentally ill that
  were housed in jails ? starts mental hospitals
• Prison reform as wellaim to rehabilitate so
  prisoners can become productive members of society

6
(No Transcript)
7
American Culture

• American culture develops in the form of art,
  literature, poems, etc.
• Poets Edgar Allen Poe and Emily Dickenson
• Authors James Fennimore Cooper, Nathaniel
  Hawthorn, Herman Melville, Washington Irving
• Artists Hudson River School painted landscapes
  that glorified America, 1st American art

8
Alex de Tocqueville

• French writer
• Democracy in America which discusses why
  democracy has succeeded in the United States and
  failed in other places
• Classic work of political science

9
Life Under Slavery

• Rural Slaverymen, women and even children worked
  from dawn to dusk
• Many lived on plantations, did field work, or
  some wives worked in the owners house
• Language barrier among slaves, most slaves lived
  rurally
• Urban Slaveryhired out as a skilled worker to
  mills, mines, and shipyards, not as cruel, had
  more freedoms

10
Abolitionists those who oppose slavery

• William Lloyd Garrison white man, Liberator,
  attacked churches for not condemning slavery,
  demands immediate emancipation
• David Walker free black, believed in freedom by
  force, if your not willing to fightyou ought to
  remain enslaved
• Frederick Douglas born slave, escaped, North
  Star (named after the North Star which guided
  those on the Underground Railroad), spoke for
  American Anti-Slavery Society,

11
REBELLION slaves turn to violent methods

• Nat Turner 1831 led a slave revolt in Virginia
• 80 slaves and freedmen attacked 4 plantations
  killing 60
• Resultscared slave owners, led to greater
  control over slaves, 200 slaves were killed in
  retaliation

12
Illustration of the Nat Turner Rebellion
13

• Anti-slavery
• Emancipation freeing of slaves
• Gradual process v. immediate
• Force v. nonviolent tactics
• Religious reasons were backbone of argument
• Morally wrong
• Constitution says all men

• Pro-slavery
• New fear of revolts
• Black codes beginstate laws that govern slavery
  and free blacks
• Religious supportused bible to support slavery
• Cited passages that counseled servants to obey
  their masters
• happy plantation mythsoutherners cared for
  their slaves for a lifetime
• Without the necessary evil economy would fail