Development and Aging

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Development and Aging
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CHILDHOOD

• Embryo first 8 weeks
• Fetus from 3rd month to birth
• Neonate first month after birth
• Infant 1 month to 1 year
• Toddler 1to 3 years
• Preschooler 3 to 6 years
• School-aged children 6 to 12 years
• Adolescent puberty to 18 years

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Embryo and Fetus

• Gestation
• Develops from a single fertilized egg
• All body organ systems grow and develop
• By birth, the average newborn weighs 7.5 lbs and
  is 20 inches long

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Neonate

• Breathing becomes independent of umbilical cord
• Displays certain reflexes (sucking, swallowing,
  blinking, sneezing, yawning)
• Body temp responds quickly to environment
• Senses develop see in color and form, hear and
  turn towards sound, smell and taste, touch and
  pain
• Stool and urine are eliminated from body
• Active crying state and quiet alert state

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Infant

• Brain grows to ½ adult size, heart doubles in wt.
  
• Teething (4-6 months)
• Crawl, walk, feeding him/herself
• Few key words spoken
• Attachments and bonds formed
• Social play ball rolling, peek-a-boo
  (relationships)
• Cognitive play basic puzzles (learning)

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Toddler

• Brain grows rapidly form many neuron connections
• Arms, legs, muscles grow
• Learns to pick up small objects, walk, run,
  kick, climb, drink from cup, use utensils, turn,
  draw
• Learning bladder control
• Short sentences
• Sense of self and gender identity
• Increased independence from parents

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Preschool Child

• Head size is close to adult size
• Less chubby, more coordinated
• Baby teeth fall out
• Learns to skip, throw, copy figures, alphabet
• Socialization increases
• Curiosity and improved reasoning ability

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School-Aged Child

• Brain is 90-90 adult size
• By 12, has nearly all permanent teeth
• Thinks logically and uses reasoning to solve
  problems
• Peer relationships become major means of
  determining status, skill, likeability

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Adolescent

• Begins with puberty
• Feet, hands, limbs grow rapidly increase muscle
  mass
• Genitals mature, secondary sex characteristics
  develop
• Puberty ability to reproduce
• Reasoning- hypothetical, abstract
• Self-centeredness, daydreaming

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ADULTHOOD

• Young Adult 18 to 40 years
• Middle-Aged Adult 40 to 65 years
• Older Adult over 65 years

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Young Adult

• Full growth and development complete by mid-20s
• Hair begins to thin and turn gray
• Skin develops wrinkles
• More creative in thought, more objective and
  realistic, less self-centered
• Choosing vocation and establishing family

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Middle-Aged Adult

• Gradual and individualized change
• Menopause
• Increased personal freedom, economic stability,
  social relationships
• Increased responsibility
• Awareness of ones mortality

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Older Adult

• Decline in body functions
• Various effects of aging
• Strong sense of self-identity
• Different abilities to cope with
• Retirement Loss of health Isolation Death

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DEATH and DYING

• Terminal illnesses Hospice Care
• Provides support and comfort
• Hospitals, home care
• RIGHT TO DIE ethical dilemma
• Withholding care

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Dr. Kubler-Ross 5 STAGES of GRIEF

• As they pertain to the elderly when they are near
  the end of their life
• DENIAL NOT ME!
• Anger Its Your Fault
• Bargaining Ill Do Anything
• Depression withdrawn, regretful
• Acceptance making final arrangement

Simpsons Clip
Giraffe Clip
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Confusion/Disorientation in ELDERLY

• Keep area safe (keep dangerous items out of area,
  secure windows doors)
• Follow routine
• Keep activities simple and short
• Be calm and gentle

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REALITY ORIENTATION- for caregivers

• Address person by name they prefer
• Avoid using Sweetie,Honey, Baby
• State your name correct the person if he/she
  calls you the wrong name
• Make constant references to day, time, place
• Use clocks, calendars, information boards

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• Keep person oriented to day-night cycles
• Speak slowly/clearly, ask simple questions
• Never rush or hurry the individual
• Repeat instructions
• Encourage conversations about familiar things or
  events
• Encourage use of TV or radio, but avoid
  overstimulation

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• Make sure individual uses sensory aids
• Keep familiar objects pictures in view
• Do not agree with incorrect statements
• Do not hesitate to use touch to communicate
  (unless it causes agitation)
• Avoid arguments
• Encourage independence and self-help whenever
  possible

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Meeting Cultural Needs

• Language
• Food
• Dress
• Work
• Religion
• Meeting patients rights

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OMBUDSMAN PROGRAM

• Ombudsman specially trained individual who works
  with the elderly and families
• Resolve complaints, suggest improvements
• Monitor and enforce state/fed regulations