Anatomical Structures/ Injuries

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Anatomical Structures/ Injuries
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Skin

• Bodies defense for dirt, bacteria, and germs.
• Epidermis- Outer most layer of skin
• Dermis- Thicker layer below the epidermis

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Bones

• Functions
• 1. Protect vital organs
• 2. Acted on by muscles to produce movement.

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Joints

• Hinge joints- elbow and knee, they move back and
  forth.
• Ball and socket joints- one end of the joint is
  in the shape of a ball, and the other end of the
  joint is a cuplike shape.

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Cartilage

• Function- absorb shock, allow smooth bone
  movement, and join structures.

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Muscles

• Function- contraction of muscles allow for
  acceleration and deceleration of body.
• Help maintain normal posture.

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Tendons

• Connect muscle to bone

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Ligaments

• Connect bone to bone

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Brusa

• Small, fluid filled sacs, located in joints.
• Provide extra cushion for the structures located
  in the joint.

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Injuries

• Soft-Tissue
• Bones

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Soft-Tissue

• Sprain
• Strain
• Incision
• Abrasion

• Contusion
• Laceration
• Avulsion
• Puncture

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Sprain

• Injury to a ligament

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Strain

• Injuries to muscles or tendons

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Degrees of injury for sprains and strains

• 1st degree (mild)- some stretching, little pain,
  little swelling, no loss of motion.

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Degrees of injury for sprains and strains

• 2nd degree (moderate)- more stretching, some
  tearing, pain, swelling, and some loss of motion.

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Degrees of injury for sprains and strains

• 3rd degree (severe)- complete tear, severe pain,
  good deal of swelling, loss of motion.

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Incision

• An open wound made by a cutting object.

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Laceration

• A cut caused by a non-cutting object.

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Abrasion

• Results from scrapping off a layer of skin.

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Contusion

• Commonly called a bruise.
• Cause direct blow.
• Signs/Symptoms swelling and
  discoloration.

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Avulsion

• The partial tearing away of a body part.

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Puncture

• Occurs when a pointed object enters a body part.

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Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

• Stage I-Acute Inflammatory

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Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

• Stage II-Repair

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Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

• Stage III-Remodeling

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Bone Injuries

• Dislocations
• Subluxations
• Fractures

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Dislocations

• When a force displaces the bones that make up a
  joint, so they no longer are aligned.

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Subluxations

• A partial dislocation, or one that does not
  remain unaligned.

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Fractures

• Avulsion
• Stress
• Spiral
• Longitudinal
• Compression
• Oblique
• Comminuted

• Greenstick
• Transverse
• Depressed
• Blowout
• Pathological
• Epiphyseal

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Avulsion

• When a ligament or tendon pulls so hard that the
  attachment point pulls part of the bone away.

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Stress

• Occurs when there is repetitive pounding /
  motion.

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Spiral

• When a torque like force is applied to a bone,
  and the fracture starts at one end and works its
  way around the length of the bone.

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Longitudinal

• A fracture that runs the length of a bone.

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Compression

• Occurs when opposite forces are applied to a bone
  at the same time.

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Comminuted

• When a bone fractures into pieces.

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Greenstick

• Occurs to bones that are not fully developed, and
  they only break part way through.

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Transverse

• When a fracture occurs straight across a bone.

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Depressed

• Usually occurs from a direct blow to the skull.

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Blowout

• When the eye is pushed so hard into the back of
  the eye socket.

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Blowout fracture
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Epiphyseal

• When a fracture occurs in the epiphysis (growth
  plate) of the bone.

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Compound fracture

• Any fracture where the bone protrudes through the
  skin.

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Compound fracture
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Signs and Symptoms

• Pain
• Deformity
• Decrease or loss of motion
• Swelling
• Crepitis

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Fracture Healing Process

• Stage I-Acute
• Stage II-Repair
• Stage III-Remodeling