11/24/09 International Cooperation on Sustainable Development

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11/24/09International Cooperation on Sustainable
Development

• Dr. Kazi F. Jalal
• Faculty, Harvard Extension School

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Lecture outline

• Why cooperation?
• United Nations System
• Civil Society Peoples Earth Charter
• Private Sector Corporate Sustainability
• Local Governments NGOs Case Studies

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Global Sustainable Development Activities
FINANCING INSTITUTIONS
UN SYSTEM
COMMITTEES
CONFERENCES
OTHER
UNDP
FAO
PRIVATE ORGs
UNEP
NGOs
DIESA
Sustainable Development Concept, Operation,
Capacity Building, Coordination, Monitoring,
Financing, Advocacy
UNCSD
RCs
IACSD
WHO
GLOBAL CONFERENCES
WTO
IFAD
BILATERALS
RDBs
WORLD BANK
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United Nations System

• Complicated structure
• Six principal organs
• Many agencies and bodies

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Organizations and Entities Involved

1. UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)
2. UNDP (United Nations Development Program)
3. FAO (Food Agriculture Organization)
4. ILO (International Labor Organization)
5. UNESCO (United Nations Education Scientific
   Cultural Organization)
6. WHO (World Health Organization)
7. WMO (World Meteorological Organization)
8. IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
9. WB (World Bank)

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Organizations and Entities

1. WTO (World Trade Organization)
2. UN/DESA (United Nations Department of Economic
   Social Affairs)
3. UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund)
4. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of
   Nature)
5. WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)
6. UNCSD (United Nations Commission for Sustainable
   Development)
7. IACSD (Interagency Committee on Sustainable
   Development)
8. Others RDBs / IFAD / Bilaterals / NGPs / Private
   Foundations

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• 191 Countries (out of 195)
• 109 Heads of State/Government
• 18000 Official Delegates
• 50000? Total Delegates

PUBLISHED BY THE UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS AUGUST
2002 www.johannesburgsummit.org
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WSSD OUTCOME

• UN Officials
• Modestly Successful
• NGO Activists
• Glamour event without substance
• There is not single shining outcome
• Teetering between qualified success and outright
  failure
• Lack of meaningful targets and commitments
• One Head of State
• Dialogue of the deaf

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World Summit Negotiation ,2002

• AFRICAN delegation did not know what FOOD meant
• W.EUROPEAN. SHORTAGE..
• E.EUROPEAN.. OPINION
• MIDDLE EASTERN. SOLUTION
• SOUTH AMERICAN.PLEASE
• ASIAN GOVERNMENT..
• AMERICAN REST OF THE WORLD
• UNITED NATIONS. BRIEF.

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Positive Outcomes

• Entrenchment of concept
• Improving global governance
• Reiterating political will of governments
• Target setting with technical and financial
  commitments
• Type 1 agreements
• Type 2 agreements

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Outcome of WSSD

• A political declaration
• Support for democracy, rule of law human
  rights
• Agreement to alleviate poverty environmental
  degradation
• Commitment to food security, water availability
  and sanitation
• Agree that private sector should ensure corporate
  responsibility
• An action program on
• Water sanitation energy human health
  agriculture biodiversity
• Cross-cutting issues (phasing out all forms of
  subsidies global fund)

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Reform Revitalization of Global Organizations

1. UN Charter Change
2. Use Trusteeship Council
3. Use Security Council
4. Create World Environment Organization (WEO)
5. Revitalize World Trade Organization (WTO)
6. Reform International Financing Institutions (IFI)
7. Strengthen Coordination of existing organizations

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Earth Charter (EC) A Civil Society Initiative

• Our Common Future (1987) Concept
• Earth Summit (1992) Framework
• -Maurice Strong Mikhael Gorbachev with Dutch
  support (1994) Launched initiative
• - EC Commission (1997) First draft
• EC Commission (1999) Second draft
• EC Commission (2000) Launched EC
• EC recognized (2002) WCSD, Johannesburg
• _____________________________________
• www.earthcharterinaction.org

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Peoples Earth Charter Principles

• .Respect and Care for the Community of Life
• 1. Respect Earth and life in all its diversity
• 2. Care for the community of life with
  understanding, compassion, and love
• 3. Build democratic societies that are just,
  participatory, sustainable, and peaceful.
• 4. Secure Earths bounty and beauty for present
  and future generations

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Peoples Earth Charter Principles

• . Ecological Integrity
• 5. Protect and restore the integrity of Earths
  ecological systems, with special concern for
  biological diversity and the natural processes
  that sustain life.
• 6. Prevent harm as the best method of
  environmental protection and, when knowledge is
  limited, apply a precautionary approach.
• 7. Adopt patterns of production, consumption, and
  reproduction that safeguard Earths regenerative
  capacities, human rights, and community
  well-being.
• 8. Advance the study of ecological sustainability
  and promote open exchange and wide application of
  the knowledge acquired.

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Peoples Earth Charter Principles

• . Social and Economic Justice
• 9. Eradicate poverty as a social and
  environmental imperative.
• 10. Ensure that economic activities and
  institutions at all levels promote human
  development in an equitable and sustainable
  manner.
• 11. Affirm gender equality and equity as
  prerequisites to sustainable development and
  ensure universal access to education, health
  care, and economic opportunity.
• 12. Uphold the right of all, without
  discrimination, to a natural and social
  environment supportive of human dignity, bodily
  health, and spiritual well-being.

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Peoples Earth Charter Principles

• . Democracy, Non-Violence, and Peace
• 13. Strengthen democratic institutions at all
  levels, and provide transparency and
  accountability in governance, inclusive
  participation in decision-making, and access to
  justice.
• 14. Integrate into formal education and life-long
  learning the knowledge, values and skills needed
  for a sustainable way of life.
• 15. Treat all living beings with respect and
  consideration.
• 16. Promote a culture of tolerance, non-violence,
  and peace.

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Private Sector Corporate Sustainability

• Private sector has been playing a significant
  role in promoting sustainable development

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Corporate Sustainability

• Corporate sustainability is a business approach
  that creates long-term shareholder value by
  embracing opportunities and managing risks
  deriving from economic ,environmental and social
  developments (-Wikipedia)

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CS program for industriesConstructed from The
Natural Step for Business (1999),p-16
Time horizon Corporate response Industry goals
lt 1970 Era of no action No goal
1970-80 Reactive/compliance Follow regulatory stds.
1980-90 Anticipatory Cost avoidance/ Impact reduction.
1990-2000 Proactive, social response added Profit maximization Eco-efficiency Social benefits
2000-2010 Integrated Peo/planet/profit
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World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD)

• Founded in 1995 by Swiss businessman (Stephen
  Schmidheiny) under the patronage of the UN, WBCSD
  is a CEO-led ,global association of some 200
  international corporations throughout the globe.
  Among its members areGM,DuPont,3M, Deutsche
  Bank, Coca- Cola, Sony ,BP, Wall Mart, Royal
  Dutch Shell.
• Council provides platform for companies to
  promote corporate sustainability.
• A 2003 WB/IFC study found WBCSD as one of the
  most influential forums for companies on
  corporate sustainability issues
• WBCSD disseminates ten messages to corporations
• (i) business is good for sustainable development
  and vice-versa
• (ii) business can not succeed in societies that
  fail
• (iii) poverty is a key enemy to stable society
• (iv) access to markets for all supports
  sustainable development
• (v) good governance is needed to make business
  apart of the solution
• (vi) accountability, ethics, transparency,
  environmental and social responsibility and
  trust are basic pre-requisites of successful
  business
• (vii) innovation and technology development are
  crucial to sustainability of business
• (viii) eco-efficiency doing more with less- is
  at the core of the business case for sustainable
  development
• (ix) ecosystem in balance a prerequisite for
  business
• (x) cooperation beats confrontation
  confrontation puts the solution at risk
  cooperation and creative partnership foster
  corporate sustainability

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Ten steps to achieve CS

• 1.Make sustainability as a company vision
• 2.Formulate a sustainability strategy
• 3.Embed sustainability in every part of business
• 4.Walk the Talk (action speak over words)
• 5.Set-up a powerful body
• 6.Establish a code of conduct
• 7.Join sustainability network
• 8.Bring stakeholders on board
• 9.Think beyond reporting
• 10. Use peoples power
• ______________________________________________
• Corporate Sustainability- Its About
  Attitude(2008) www.enn.com/business/article/31186
  

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CS Ranking of the SP500 companies(undertaken by
TSI)

• Ranking criteria assumptions
• 1. Customers deserve high quality products,
  complete information,remeadies for problems and
  respect
• 2. Employees deserve dignity, fair and
  non-discriminatory wage, work in a safe
  environment and to associate freely
• 3. Owners Investors deserve fair and
  competitive return, transparent operations an
  appropriate voice in corporate governance
• 4. Suppliers deserve mutual respect
  long-term stability in turn for value, quality,
  competitiveness and employment practices that
  respect human dignity
• 5.Competitors deserve fair respectful
  competition
• 6. Communities deserve the support of
  public policies that promote human development
  and raise the standards of health and safety,
  education and economic and social well-being
• 7. The Environment deserves protection
  improvement through sustainable business
  practices
• 8. Fundamental duties In addition to
  measuring impact on seven specific stakeholders,
  the ranking methodology also address the
  fundamental duties of a company best captured by
  trust and transparency in terms of the companys
  adherence to international standards, its
  commitment to information dissemination, fair
  trade practices and ethical behavior.
• 2/190-194

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United Nations Global CompactUN Global Compact
is a framework for business that are committed to
align their operations and strategies with ten
principles in the areas of human rights, labor,
the environment and business malpractice. The
Global Compact is neither mandatory nor
regulatory. At the World Economic Forum in Davos
in 1999, the SG/UNchallenged the world business
leaders to embrace and enact the Global
Compact. UN Global Compact is a purely voluntary
initiative with two primary objectives
(1)Mainstream the ten principles into the
business practices around the globe and
(2)catalyze actions into the broader UN goals

• TEN PRINCIPLES OF GLOBAL COMPACT
• Human Rights
• Support and respect for the protection of
  universal human rights
• Refusal to participate or condone human rights
  abuses
• Labor
• 3 . Support of freedom of association and
  collective bargaining
• Abolition of forced labor
• Abolition of child labor
• Elimination of discrimination in employment
• Environment
• Implementation of precautionary principle
• Initiatives demonstrating environmental
  responsibility
• Promotion of environmentally friendly
  technologies
• Business malpractices
• 10. Initiatives to counter all forms of
  corruption ,including extortion and bribery

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Ten ways to green your brandby Matt Heinz
(2008) www.imediaconnection.comCorporate
America,in its quest for attracting more
customers and increase market share has jumped
into the green bandwagon in the recent years.
Matt Heinz author of several books on the subject
says there are 10 ways to keep companies green

• Internal
• Recycling (not only papers but also wastes and
  equipments)
• Transportation (public transport, car pool,
  audio/video conferencing)
• Power management (electricity, pc power, motion
  sensors)
• Office guidelines (use soft copies, default all
  printers encourage all employees to go green )
• Supplier Partner guidelines (require
  environment-friendly operating standards)
• External
• Community engagement activation (Encourage
  customers community to follow same guidelines
  as the company)
• Community participation (Encourage community
  participation in environment-friendly activities
  allocate some budget)
• Channel choices (choose green marketing channels
  such as trade show, community activities to
  demonstrate products services )
• s) Competitive advantage (Encourage all
  departments of the company to follow green
  practices and mantras)
• Endorsements associations (Partner with green
  businesses such as energy star, buy products with
  environmental reputation)

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Green Business CertificationAs more corporations
aspire to display green flags, a whole set of
organizations are being formed to fill the
certification needs. However, they vary in their
rigor and depth there is no consistency and no
national authority in USA in-charge of setting
standard practice for green business certification

• Some Recent Contenders
• American Consumer Council (ACC) Green C
  certification program started in June 2008
  (President CEO Tom Hilton). It is a non-profit
  org. based in San Diego cost 3000-5000 for 3
  years RegionUS(2008), Worldwide (2009)
  Criteria (1) pollution, waste management waste
  prevention (2) energy and water use efficiency
  (3)employee,supplier and consumer education and
  societal impact Process application, review
  and on-site inspection
• EarthRight Business Institute of Park City, Utah
  has just launched a EarthRight Eco-Friendly
  Business Certification Program Cost 1000 -
  40,000 depending upon company revenue annual
  review RegionUS
• CriteriaCompliance with
  EIA,Sustainability plan, executive commitment,
  green team,monitoring program, meeting reduction
  targets for emissions and resources Process
  Application with supporting documentation,
  management employee interview, facility
  inspection
• 3. Bay Area Green Business Program has a
  certification program Regionavailable only to
  companies located in San Francisco Bay area
  launched first in 1996 Cost Free Criteria
  regulatory compliance, pollution prevention,waste
  reduction, energy water conservation Process
  Application verified by a utility or regulatory
  agency.
• www.greenbiz.com

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Influence of CS on people

• US 45
• UK 42
• Italy 35
• France 34
• Germany 28
• Spain 26
• ___________________________
• Consumers who have chosen to buy product/service
  because of companys cs reputation (based on 1000
  sample survey per market). From A New Mindset
  for CS-a study co-sponsored by BT CISCO (2006)

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Case studies on Sustainable Development

• Examples from Asia
• Sustainable development in Asia
• ADB(2000) Smith Jalal

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Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan,
Indialargest mobilization of people for
environmental regeneration

• Problem
• Drought-stricken villages with dry wells and a
  low water table
• Project
• In the mid-1980s, Tarun Bharat Singh, a local
  voluntary organization, assisted a village in
  building 3 small rain water harvesting structures
  called check dams. Check dams store monsoon
  rains, irrigate fields, and allow water to
  percolate through the ground to increase water
  table.

Source Agarwal et al, 1999 Agarwal and Narain,
1999
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Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India

• Progress
• Now 3,000 water harvesting structures in 650
  villages.
• Villagers and TBS regenerated 6,500 m2 of land.
• Groundwater tables have increased by 6 m on
  average.
• Forest cover increased by 33
• 5 formerly seasonally dry rivers flow perennially
• Agriculture is more productive and
  self-sustaining
• Average annual per capita income increased by
  19.78
• For every dollar invested in check dams, economic
  production in villages increased by 4.20.

Source Agarwal et al, 1999 Agarwal and Narain,
1999
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Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, India

• Social Impact
• Project has helped reverse some of the negative
  social impacts associated with environmental
  degradation. As a result, there is
• reduced migration
• increased attendance in schools
• reduced crime rates
• increased participation of women in village
  decisions

Source Agarwal et al, 1999 Agarwal and Narain,
1999
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Improved Cook-stoves Program in the Peoples
Republic of China

• Background
• Initiated in the early 1980s, covered almost 76
  of rural households after 15 years of
  implementation without any direct government
  subsidy.
• Strategies
• Work began in areas where people showed desire
  for improved cook-stoves.
• Research and development were geared toward
  designing stoves to match local conditions of
  fuel, cooking, and heating needs.

Source Parikh et al, 1999 Yao, 1999 Natarajan
1999
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Improved Cook-stoves Program in the Peoples
Republic of China

• Strategies
• Regular, systematic, and consistent monitoring
  and evaluation have been an integral part of the
  program since its inception.
• Government contributions are small (about 15)
  and restricted to training, administration, and
  promotion
• Flow of money between bureaucratic levels is
  minimal.
• Production of the critical parts of the
  combustion chamber is centralized to ensure
  long-term, high-efficiency stove performance.

Source Parikh et al, 1999 Yao, 1999 Natarajan
1999
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Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, China

• Objective
• To promote clean production in supply chains
  consisting of small and medium-sized enterprises
  using the corporate synergy system management
  approach.
• Corporate synergy systems are initiated under
  leadership of large companies, where upstream
  suppliers and downstream buyers are organized to
  achieve common goals. Central firms of a CSS rank
  and reward the suppliers in the chain.

Source Chiu et al, 1999 van Berkel and Krygar,
1994
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Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, China

• CSS in Action
• Cheng-Loong Paper Manufacturing Company organized
  CSS program with
• 2 Central Firms
• 10 upstream suppliers that provide waste paper,
  machinery, chemicals, energy, transportation
  services
• 3 downstream buyers who are suppliers
• 90 of participating firms were small and
  medium-sized enterprises

Source Chiu et al, 1999 van Berkel and Krygar,
1994
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Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, China

• Results
• Cheng-Loong system implemented 868 clean
  production options in 13 months.
• Participating firms invested 991,000 in clean
  production measures, resulting in annual benefit
  of 3.5 million.

Source Chiu et al, 1999 van Berkel and Krygar,
1994
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Case Studies Lessons Learned

• At the grassroots level, necessary conditions for
  SUSTAINABILITY of DEVELOPMENT are
• Well targeted programs (in terms of area
  population)
• Minimum bureaucracy
• Supportive role of the government
• Active role of the community, NGO, and private
  sector
• Stakeholders responsibility and sense of
  ownership
• Strategy for commercialization
• Replication of success stories

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Case Studies Results Achieved

• People (particularly the marginalized groups)
  derived economic and environmental benefits
• Investments are paid off over a short period of
  time
• Occupational hazards were minimized
• Cooperation and understanding between affected
  communities, NGOs, and private sector increased
• Market and policy failures were minimized
• Development became meaningful and sustainable.