Terminology to know!

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Terminology to know!

• Hypothesis? An Ifthen statement or proposal of
  an outcome of an experiment.
• (Ex. If I study, then I will pass the test.)
• Theory? A hypothesis that has withstood extensive
  testing by a variety of methods, and a higher
  degree of certainty may be placed
• (Ex. Theory of Evolution)
• Law? Considered universal invariable facts of
  the physical world
• (Ex. Law of Gravity)

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15.2 Evidence of Evolution

• Main idea Multiple lines of evidence support the
  theory of evolution.
• Objectives
• Describe how fossils provide evidence of
  evolution.
• Discuss morphological evidence of evolution.
• Explain how physiology and biochemistry provide
  evidence of evolution.
• Review Vocabulary
• Fossil remains of an organism or its activities
• New Vocabulary
• Derived trait
• Ancestral trait
• Homologous structure
• Vestigial structure
• Analogous structure
• Embryo
• Biogeography
• Fitness
• Mimicry
• Camouflage

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Evolution
Chapter 15
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Support for Evolution

• The fossil record

• Provide a record of species that lived long ago.

• Show that ancient species share similarities with
  species that now live.

Armadillo
Glyptodont
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The Fossil Record

• The giant armadillo-like glyptodont, Glyptodon,is
  an extinct animal that Darwin thought must be
  related to the living armadillos that inhabit
  South America, Central America, and the southern
  United States.
• The fossil record is an important source of
  information for determining the ancestry of
  organisms and the patterns of evolution.

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Evolution
Chapter 15
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Support for Evolution

• Geographic Distribution

• The distribution of plants and animals that
  Darwin saw first suggested evolution to Darwin.

Mara
Rabbit
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Evolution
Chapter 15
15.2 Evidence of Evolution

• Derived traits are newly evolved features, such
  as feathers, that do not appear in the fossils of
  common ancestors.

• Ancestral traits are more primitive features,
  such as teeth tails, that do appear in
  ancestral forms.

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Comparative Anatomy

• Anatomically similar structures inherited from a
  common ancestor are called homologous structures.
• The forelimbs of vertebrates are adapted for
  different uses, but they all have similar bones.
• Similar structure different function.

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Homologous Structures

• Anatomically similar structures inherited from a
  common ancestor

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Analogous Structures

• Analogous structures can be used for the same
  purpose and can be superficially similar in
  construction, but are not inherited from a common
  ancestor.
• Show that functionally similar features can
  evolve independently in similar environments.
• Same function different structure

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Evolution
Chapter 15
Analogous Structures
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Vestigial Structures

• Vestigial structures are the reduced forms of
  functional structures in other organisms.
• Evolutionary theory predicts that features of
  ancestors that no longer have a function for that
  species will become smaller over time until they
  are lost.
• Examples Snake pelvis and human appendix.

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Evolution
Chapter 15
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Vestigial Structures

• Structures that are the reduced forms of
  functional structures in other organisms.

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Evolution
Chapter 15
15.2 Evidence of Evolution

• Comparisons of the similarities in organisms are
  seen in comparative anatomy and in the fossil
  record.

• Organisms with closely related morphological
  features have more closely related molecular
  features.

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Comparative Embryology

• An embryo is an early pre-birth stage of an
  organisms development.
• Vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous structures
  during certain phases of development but become
  totally different structures in the adult forms.

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Embryology

• embryo- its the earliest stage of development
• reptiles, birds, and mammals all have
  similarities
• tail, organs, eye placement etc

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Comparative Biochemistry

• Common ancestry can be seen in the complex
  metabolic molecules that many different organisms
  share.

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Comparative Biochemistry

• Comparisons of the similarities in these
  molecules across species reflect evolutionary
  patterns seen in comparative anatomy and in the
  fossil record.
• Organisms with closely related morphological
  features have more closely related molecular
  features.

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Geographic Distribution

• The distribution of plants and animals that
  Darwin saw first suggested evolution to Darwin.
• Rabbit Mara

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Geographic Distribution

• The distribution of plants and animals that
  Darwin saw first suggested evolution to Darwin.
• Rabbit Mara

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More Terms

• Fitness ability of an individual to survive and
  reproduce in a specific environment
• Adaptation inherited characteristic that
  increases an organisms chance of survival
• Can be physical traits as well as behavioral
  traits

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Adaptation

• Types of Adaptation
• An adaptation is a trait shaped by natural
  selection that increases an organisms
  reproductive success.
• Fitness is a measure of the relative contribution
  an individual trait makes to the next generation.
  It is often measured as the number of
  reproductively viable offspring that an organism
  produces in the next generation.
• Camouflage allows organisms to become almost
  invisible to predators. Some species have evolved
  morphological adaptations that allow them to
  blend in with their environments.
• Mimicry is another morphological adaptation that
  allows one species to evolve to resemble another
  species.

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Consequences of Adaptations

• Antimicrobial resistance - An antibiotic is a
  medicine that slows or kills the growth of
  bacteria.
• Some bacteria have evolved a resistance to
  certain antibiotics.
• People infected with resistant bacteria can never
  get rid of it.

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Consequences of Adaptations

• Some features of an organism might be
  consequences of other evolved characteristics.
• They do not increase reproductive success.
• Features likely arose as an unavoidable
  consequence of prior evolutionary change.

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Behavioral adaptations

• -behaviors that increase fitness
• For ex aggression in bees

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Natural Selection
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Evolution
Chapter 15
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Camouflage

• Allows organisms to become almost invisible to
  predators

Leafy sea dragon
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• Camouflage- blend in with surroundings

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• Camouflage- blend in with surroundings

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Evolution
Chapter 15
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Mimicry

• One species evolves to resemble another species.

California kingsnake
Western coral snake