Patterns of Industrialization

1
Patterns of Industrialization

• 1750-1914

2
Foundations of Industrialization

• Coal critical to early indust. of Britain
• Shift from wood to coal in 18th C deforestation
• Abundant, accessible coal reserves
• Overseas colonies raw materials
• Plantations in Americas sugar cotton
• Colonies British manufactured goods market
• After 1830, grain, timber, beef shipped to
  Britain from US

3
Foundations of Industrialization, cond

• Demand for cheap cotton spurred mechanization
• John Kay, 1733 (flying shuttle)
• Samuel Crompton, 1779 (spinning mule)
• Edmund Cartwright, 1785 (power loom)
• James Watt?steam engine, 1765
• Burned coal, which turned a piston, which turned
  a wheel
• Widespread use by 1800increased productivity,
  cheaper prices

4
Yet more industrial foundations

• Iron steel important industries
• Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal
• Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger
  steel
• Improved transportation
• 1st steam-powered locomotive, 1815
• Steamships replace sailing ships, mid-19th C
• Railroads steamships lowered transportation
  costs

5
The Factory System

• Replaced the putting-out system
• Required division of labor everyone did single
  task
• High degree of coordination, work discipline,
  close supervision
• Work conditions harsh
• Workers lost status not skilled, just
  wage-earners
• Harsh work discipline, fast pace, frequent
  accidents
• Industrial protest
• Luddites struck against mills destroyed
  machines, 1811-1816

6
More factory system

• The early spread of industrialization
• Industrialization in western Europe
• British industrial monopoly, 1750-1800, forbade
  immigration of skilled workers
• Napoleon abolished internal trade barriers in W.
  Europe/dismantled trade guilds
• Belgium France moved toward industrialization,
  mid-19th C
• After unification, Bismark sponsored heavy
  industry, arms, shipping

7
More factory system

• The early spread of industrialization
• In North America, slow to start few laborers
  little capital
• British craftsmen started cotton textile industry
  in New England, 1820s
• Heavy iron steel industries, 1870s
• Rail network developed in 1860s

8
More factory systems

• Industrial capitalism
• Mass production promoted cheaper goods
• Eli Whitney interchangeable parts for firearms
• Henry Ford (1913) assembly line to car
  production
• Industrialization expensive large-capital
  investment
• Encouraged large-scale corporations w/ hundreds
  of investors
• New laws protected investors from liability
• Monopolies, trusts, cartels
• Competitive associations

9
Industrial Society

• The fruits of industry
• Population growth
• Raised material standards for living
• Populations of Europe America sharply rose,
  1700-1900
• Better diets sanitation reduced death rates
• Demographic transition
• Declining birthrate in response to declining
  mortality
• Voluntary birth control through contraception

10
Industrial Society

• Urbanization and migration
• Drew migrants from country to urban centers
• By 1900, 50 of population of industrialized
  countries lived in towns
• By 1900, more than 150 cities with over 100,000
  people in Europe N. America
• Urban problems shoddy houses, etc.
• By late 19th C., govt passed building codes,
  sewers
• Transcontinental migration
• 1800-1920, 50 million Europeans migrated to N S
  America
• Fled famine in Ireland, anti-Semitism in Russia,
  etc.

11
Industrial Society

• Industry society
• New social classes
• Captains of industry new aristocracy of wealth
• Middle class managers, etc.
• Working class
• Changes to industrial family
• Long hours outside home
• Increasingly separate lives

12
Industrial society

• Industry society
• Men gained increased stature responsibility
• Middle upper-class sole providers
• Valued self-improvement, discipline, work ethic
• Values on working-class men
• Workers resisted work discipline
• Working-class culture

13
Industrial society

• Industry society
• Opportunities for women narrowed
• Cant bring children to mines or factories
• Middle-class women need to stay home care for
  children
• Increased opportunities in domestic service
• Many children forced to work to support family
• 1840s Parliament begins regulating child labor
• 1881, mandatory primary education in England

14
Industrial society

• The Socialist Challenge
• Utopian socialists Charles Fourier, Robert Owen,
  their followers
• Established model communities based on principle
  of equality
• Stressed cooperative control of industry,
  education of children

15
Industrial society

• Socialist challenge
• Marx (1818-1883) and Engels (1820-1895)
• Scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic
  unproductive
• Critique industrial capitalism
• Unrestrained competition led to ruthless
  exploitation of working class
• State, court, police all tools of the capitalist
  ruling class
• The Communist Manifesto, 1848
• Excesses of capitalism would lead communist
  revolution
• dictatorship of the proletariat
• Socialism would follow fair, just, egalitarian
  society
• Ideas dominated European and international
  socialism

16
Industrial Society

• Socialist challenge
• Social reform came gradually
• Regulated hours restricted work for women
  children
• Under Bismark, Germany provided medical insurance
  social security
• Trade unions formed to represent workers
• Stiff opposition from employers governments
• Forced employers to be more responsive to needs

17
Global effects of industrialization

• Continuing spread beyond Europe N. America
• Industrialization of Russia by tsarist govt
• Between 1860-1900, built 35,000 miles of RR
• Finance minister, Sergei Witte, promoted industry
• Oversaw construction of tran-Siberian RR
• Reformed commercial law to protect industries
  steamship companies
• Promoted nautical engineering schools
• Encouraged foreign investors
• By 1900, Russia produced ½ the worlds oil, also
  iron armaments

18
Global effects of industrialization

• Continuing spread beyond Europe N. America
• Industrialization in Japan also promoted by govt
• Hired thousands of foreign experts to establish
  modern industries
• Created new industries opened technical
  institutes universities
• Government-owned businesses then sold to private
  entrepreneurs (zaibatsu)
• Japan most industrialized in Asia by 1900

19
Global effects of industrialization

• International division of labor
• Increased demand for raw materials
• Non-industrial societies became suppliers of raw
  goods
• Cotton from India rubber from Brazil, Malay,
  Congo River basin
• Economic development better in lands colonized by
  Europe
• High-wages encouraged labor-saving tech

20
Global effects of industrialization

• International division of labor
• Economic dependency more common in other
  countries
• Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, S. Asia, SE
  Asia
• Foreign investors owned controlled plantations
  production
• Free-trade policy favored foreign products over
  domestic
• World divided into producers consumers