???? 6.

1
???? 6. ??????? ??????????

1. ??????? ? ????????????? ?????.
2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
   ??????????.
3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
   ???????? ????????????? ???????????

2
6.1. ??????? ? ????????????? ?????

• ???????
• ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? (Unanimity or
  Pareto postulate). ???? xPiy ??? ???? i, ???
  ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? xPy.
• ?????????? ????????? (Nondictatorship). ?
  ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? i, ??? ????????,
  ???? xPiy ? yPjx ??? ???? j?i, xPy.
• ?????????????? (Transitivity). ???????
  ????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????
  ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????????. ???????
  xPyPz?xPz ? xIyIz?xIz.

3
6.1. ??????? ? ????????????? ?????

• ???????
• ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? (Unrestricted
  domain). ???????? ????????????? ??????????????
  ???????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????????
  ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?
  ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? x,
  y, z ??? ??? ?????????? ?, ??????????????,
  ???????? ?????, ? ??????? ????? ???????
  ????????????? ??????, ??????????? ???
  ???????????? ? ????? ???????.
• ????????????? ??? ??????????? (Independence of
  irrelevant alternatives). ???????????? ?????
  ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????
  ?? ????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???
  ???????????? ? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????
  ???????? ? ?????-?? ???? ?????????????.

4
6.1. ??????? ? ????????????? ?????

• ??????? ? ?????????????
• ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????,
  ??????? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ????
  ????????????? ????????.
• ???????? ????????? (decisive set). ?????????
  ????????? D ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? x ?
  y ??? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??????, ????
  ??? xPiy ??? ???? i?D, ? yPjx ??? ???? j?D, xPy.

5
6.1. ??????? ? ????????????? ?????

• ??????????????

??????????? ?????
1.1 ????????????? ????? D ???????? ????????? ??? x ? y
1.2 ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? xPiyPiz ??? i?D yPizPix ??? i?D
1.3 ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? xPy
1.4 ??????????? ??? ???????? yPz
1.5 ?????????????? ??? ???????? xPz
6
6.1. ??????? ? ????????????? ?????
??????????? ?????
1.6 ????????????? ?? ?????? ??? i?D xPiz
1.7 ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? xPz ?????????? ?? ??????-??? ? ???????????? ?????? ???????????
1.8 ??????????? ????????? ????????? D ???????? ????????? ??? x ? z
1.9 ?????????? ????? 1.2 1.8 D ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????????
7
6.1. ??????? ? ????????????? ?????
??????????? ?????
2.1 ?????????? ????????? ? D ?????? ??????? 2 ??? ????? ?????????
2.2 ????????????? ???????? D ?? ??? ???????? ???????????? A ? B
2.3 ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ? xPAyPAz ??? B yPBzPBx ??? ? zP?xP?y
2.4 ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? ? ? yPz, ??? ???????? yPz
8
6.1. ??????? ? ????????????? ?????
??????????? ?????
2.5 ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? yPx, ? ???????? ????????? ??? x ? y
2.6 ?????????????? ???? ??? ???????? xPy ? xPz
2.7 ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????????? ??? x ? z
2.8 ?????????? ????? 2.1 2.7 ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????
9
6.1. ??????? ? ????????????? ?????
????? ?? ??????? ??????????????
????????????
????? ?? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????
????????????? ??????????????? ????????????
??????????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ???????????
??????????????? ?????????
????? ?? ??????? ?????????????
10
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• ??????? 6.1

???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
Przeworski (1966) 57 ????? 1949-1963 ?????????
Adelman, Morris (1967) 74 ?????-???????? ?????? 1950-1964 ?????????
Dick (1974) 59 ?????-???????? ????? 1959-1968 ??????????
Huntington and Dominguez (1975) 35 ?????-???????? ????? 1950-? ?.?. ?????????
11
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• ??????? 6.1 ???????????

???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
Marsh (1979) 98 ????? 1955-1970 ?????????
Weede (1983) 124 ?????? 1960-1974 ?????????
Kormendi and Meguire (1985) 47 ????? 1950-1977 ??????????
Kohli (1986) 10 ?????-???????? ????? 1960-1982 1960-? ??? ??????? 1970-? ?????????
Landau (1986) 65 ????? 1960-1980 ?????????
12
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• ??????? 6.1 ???????????

???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
Sloan and Tedin (1987) 20 ????? ?? 1960-1979 ??????????????? ?????????
Marsh (1988) 47 ????? 1965-1984 ??? ???????
Pourgerami, (1988) 92 ?????? 1965-1984 ??????????
Scully (1988) 115 ????? 1960-1980 ??????????
Barro (1989) 72 ?????? 1960-1985 ??????????
13
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• ??????? 6.1 ???????????

???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
Grier and Tullock (1989) 59 ????? 1961-1980 ?????? ? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????
Remmer (1990) 11 ????? ?? 1982-1988 ??? ???????
Dasgupta (1990) 50 ?????-???????? ????? 1973-1979 ??????????
World Bank (1990) 68 ????? 1973-1987 ??? ???????
14
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• ??????? 6.1 ???????????

???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
Pourgerami, (1991) 106 ?????-???????? ????? 1986 ??????????
Levine and Renelt (1992) 83 ?????? 1973-1989 ??? ???????
Barro and Lee (1993) 94 ?????? 1973-1985 ??? ???????
Helliwell (1994) 90 ????? 1960-1985 ??? ???????
Alesina at all (1996) 98 ????? 1960-1985 ??? ???????
15
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• Adelman, Irma and Morris, Cynthia (1967),
  Society, Politics, and Economic Development,
  Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Alesina, Alberto, Oezler, Sule, Roubini, Nouriel,
  and Swagel Phillip (1996), Political Instability
  and Economic Growth, 1(2) Journal of Economic
  Growth, 189-211.
• Barro, Robert J. (1989), A Cross-Country Study
  of Growth, Saving, and Government, NBER Working
  Paper, No 2855.
• Barro, Robert J. and Lee, Jong-Wha (1993),
  Losers and Winners in Economic Growth, NBER
  Working Paper, No 4341.
• Dasgupta, Partha (1990), Well-Being and the
  Extent of its Realisation in Poor Countries,
  100(400) Economic Journal, 1-32.
• Dick, William G. (1974), Authoritarian versus
  Nonauthoritarian Approaches to Economic
  Development, 82(4) Journal of Political Economy,
  817-827.

16
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• Grier, Kevin B. and Tullock, Gordon (1989), An
  Empirical Analysis of Cross-National Economic
  Growth, 1951-1980, 24(2) Journal of Monetary
  Economics, 259-276.
• Helliwell, John F. (1994), Empirical Linkages
  between Democracy and Economic Growth, NBER
  Working Paper, No 4066.
• Huntington, Samuel P. and Dominguez, Jorge I.
  (1975), Political Development, in F.I.
  Greenstein and N.W. Polsby (eds.), Handbook of
  Political Science 3, Reading Addison-Wesley,
  1-114.
• Kohli, Atul (1986), Democracy and Development,
  in J.P. Lewis and V. Kallab (eds.), Development
  Strategies Reconsidered, New Brunwick
  Transaction Books, 153-182.
• Kormendi, Roger C. and Meguire, Philip G. (1985),
  Macroeconomic of Determinants of Growth
  Cross-Country Evidence, 16(2) Journal of
  Monetary Economics, 141-163.

17
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• Landau, Daniel (1986), Government and Economic
  Growth in the Less Developed Countries An
  Empirical Study for 1960-1980, 35(1) Economic
  Development and Cultural Change, 35-75.
• Levine, Ross and Renelt, David (1992), A
  Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth
  Regressions, 82(4) American Economic Review,
  942-963.
• Marsh, Robert M. (1979), Does Democracy Hinder
  Economic Development in the Latecomer Developing
  Nations?, 2(2) Comparative Social Research,
  215-248.
• Marsh, Robert M. (1988), Sociological
  Explanation of Economic Growth, 23(4) Studies in
  Comparative International Development, 41-76.
• Pourgerami, Abbas (1988), The Political Economy
  of Development A Cross-National Causality Test
  of Development-Democracy-Growth Hypothesis,
  58(2) Public Choice, 123-141.

18
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• Pourgerami, Abbas (1991), The Political Economy
  of Development. An Empirical Investigation of the
  Wealth Theory of Democracy, 3(2) Journal of
  Theoretical Politics, 189-211.
• Przeworski, Adam (1966), Party System and
  Economic Development, Ph.D. dissertation
  North-Western University.
• Remmer, Karen L. (1990), Democracy and Economic
  Crisis The Latin American Experience, 42(3)
  World Politics, 315-335.
• Scully, Gerald W. (1988), The Institutional
  Framework and Economic Development, 96(3)
  Journal of Political Economy, 652-662.
• Sloan, John and Tedin, Kent L. (1987), The
  Consequences of Regimes Type for Public Policy
  Outputs, 20(1) Comparative Political Studies,
  98-124.

19
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• Weede, Erich (1983), The Impact of Democracy on
  Economic Growth Some Evidence from
  Cross-National Analysis, 36(1) Kyklos, 21-39.
• World Bank (1990), The World Development Report
  1990, Oxford Oxford University Press.

20
6.2. ????????????? ????????????? ?????????????
??????????

• Barro, Robert J. (1996), Democracy and Growth,
  1(1) Journal of Economic Growth, 1-27.

???? ????? (????????????? ???????)
?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????
21
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????

• Kaldor, Nicholas (1956), Alternative Theories of
  Distribution, 23(2) Review of Economic Studies,
  83100.

?????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????
????????? ? ????????????? ???????
???? ?????????? ??????????
???? ??????????? ????????
?????????? ?????????????? ?????
22
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????

• Alesina, Alberto and Perotti, Roberto (1996),
  Income Distribution, Political Instability, and
  Investment, 40(6) European Economic Review,
  12031228.

?????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????
???????? ?????????? ??????????
??????? ??????????? ?????????????
???? ??????? ????????????????
???? ??????? ??????????
?????????? ?????????????? ?????
23
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????
?????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????
???????? ?????????? ??????????
??????? ????? ?? ?????????????????
???? ??????? ???????????????
???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????
?????????? ?????????????? ?????
24
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????

• Alesina, Alberto and Rodrik, Dani (1994),
  Distributive Politics and Economic Growth,
  109(2) Quarterly Journal of Economics, 465490
• Bertola, Giuseppe (1993), Market Structure and
  Income Distribution in Endogenous Growth Models,
  83(5) American Economic Review, 11841198
• Persson, Torsten and Tabellini, Guido (1994), Is
  Inequality Harmful for Growth?, 84(3) American
  Economic Review, 600621.

25
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????

• Rodrik, Dani (1999), Democracies Pay Higher
  Wages, 114(3) Quarterly Journal of Economics,
  707-738.

???????? ?????????? ?????
?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????
26
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????

• ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??
  ????????? ? ??????????????, ??? ??? ??
  ??????????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????
  ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????????
  ????????, ???????????????? ?? ? ????????????
  ????????????? ??????, ? ? ?????????? ????? ???? ?
  ???.

27
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????

x2
A
C
E
B
D
U1
U2
U3
x1
A
B
28
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????

• ??? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???
  ? ????????? ???, ? ??? ???????? ????????
  ????????????.
• ??????? ? ?????????, ????????????? ?? ?????? ?
  ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????
  ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????-??
  ????????????, ?? ??????????? ? ????????????
  ?????, ????, ???????? ? ??????, ?? ? ?????
  ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?
  ???? ????????????? ????????.

29
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????

30
6.3. ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????????
???????? ????????????? ???????????