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Essential Questions:

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Title: Essential Questions:


1
  • Essential Questions
  • What factors led the United States to shift from
    isolation in the 1920s 1930s to an active war
    participant by 1941?
  • What caused World War 2?
  • How do these factors compare to the reasons for
    the outbreak of World War 1?

2
American Isolationism Foreign Policy in the
1920s 1930s
3
Foreign Policy in the 1920s 1930s
  • After WWI, the U.S. assumed a selective
    isolationist foreign policy
  • Americans wanted to maintain the economic boom of
    the 1920s desperate for an answer to the
    depression in the 1930s
  • But, the U.S. did play an active role in attempts
    at international disarmament economic stability

4
Foreign Policy Economic Policy
  • In the 1920s, the most divisive international
    issue was war debts
  • European nations owed the U.S. 10 billion
    Attempts to reclaim these debts led to
    anti-American sentiment in Europe
  • When Germany could not repay 33 billion in
    reparations, the U.S. negotiated the Dawes Plan

5
In 1924, Hoover negotiated a reduction in German
debt, an extended time period to repay debts,
U.S. loans to help Germany make payments to
France England
The Dawes Plan helped stabilize the German
economy, allowed Germany to repay the Allies, and
helped France England repay their debts to the
United States
6
Foreign Policy Economic Policy
  • But the Great Depression made post-war recovery
    in Europe difficult in the 1930s
  • The Hawley-Smoot Tariff in 1930 limited European
    attempts to sell their goods in the U.S.
  • The U.S. was unable to provide loans, leaving
    Germany unable to repay reparations Europe
    unable to repay its war debts

7
Foreign Policy International Peace
  • The USA never joined the League of Nations, but
    did play a role in attempts to avoid future wars
  • At the Washington Disarmament Conference in 1921,
    world leaders agreed to disarmament, free trade,
    collective security
  • In 1928, almost every nation, including the USA,
    signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as
    a tool of foreign policy

8
The USA, England, Japan, Italy, France signed
the Five-Power Treaty agreed to limit
construction of battleships aircraft carriers
The Nine-Power Treaty reaffirmed the Chinese
Open-Door Policy
England, USA, Japan, France signed the Four-Power
Treaty agreeing to collective security
But, neither the Nine- or Four-Power Acts had
provisions to enforce these agreements
9
Foreign Policy International Peace
  • These agreements did not last
  • Japan needed raw materials to continue its
    industrial expansion
  • Japan began to create an Asian empire by
    attacking Manchuria in 1931 China in 1937
  • In both occasions, the League of Nations
    reprimanded Japan but chose no punitive measures

10
Totalitarian Regimes Hideki Tojo Emperor
Hirohito
11
Japan Invades Manchuria
In 1937, Japanese pilots bombed the USS Panay, a
U.S. gunboat stationed in China, killing 3
Americans. The U.S. accepted Japan's apology
promise against future attacks
Unlike the USS Maine or Lusitania, few Americans
called for war against Japan
12
Totalitarian Regimes Benito Mussolini
13
Totalitarian Regimes Hitler
14
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15
The Munich Pact
Peace in our time
16
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
17
Foreign Policy International Peace
  • In the 1930s, FDR Congress were preoccupied
    with the Great Depression to adequately plan for
    new world conflicts involving totalitarian
    dictators
  • The rising threat of war in Europe Asia
    strengthened Americans desire to avoid
    involvement in another world war

18
Foreign Policy Citizen Attitudes
  • In the 1920s 1930s, most Americans wanted to
    avoid another meaningless war
  • Munitions makers bankers were labeled
    merchants of death were blamed for American
    involvement in WWI
  • Passivism swept across college campuses Students
    staged walk-outs anti-war rallies

19
The Lost Generation
All Quiet on the Western Front portrayed WWI as
brutal
20
  • Ernest Hemingway was the Lost Generation's leader
    in the adaptation of the naturalistic technique
    in the novel. Hemingway volunteered to fight with
    the Italians in World War I and his Midwestern
    American ignorance was shattered during the
    resounding defeat of the Italians by the Central
    Powers at Caporetto. Newspapers of the time
    reported Hemingway, with dozens of pieces of
    shrapnel in his legs, had heroically carried
    another man out. That episode even made the
    newsreels in America. These war time experiences
    laid the groundwork of his novel, A Farewell to
    Arms (1929). Another of his books, The Sun Also
    Rises (1926) was a naturalistic and shocking
    expression of post-war disillusionment.

21
The Neutrality Acts
  • The merchants of death charges were led by
    North Dakota Senator Gerald Nye from 1934 to
    1936
  • Reaction to the Nye Committee report led to
    popular support to avoid making the same mistakes
    that led America to enter WW1
  • Congress passed 3 neutrality acts to avoid future
    wars

22
The Neutrality Act of 1935 banned arms sales to
nations at war warned citizens not to sail on
belligerent ships
The Neutrality Act of 1936 banned loans to any
warring nation
The Neutrality Act of 1937 made the 1935 1936
acts permanent required all trade to be on a
cash carry basis
23
  • Essential Question
  • How did the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor alter
    the course of World War 2?

24
The Road Towards American Intervention
25
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
  • As Europe headed toward war, FDR openly expressed
    his favor for intervention took steps to ready
    the U.S. for war
  • In 1937, FDR unsuccessfully tried to convince
    world leaders to quarantine the aggressors
  • Everything changed in 1939 with the Nazi-Soviet
    Pact the German invasion of Poland

26
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27
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
  • When WW2 began in 1939, Congress imposed a cash
    carry policy to aid the Allies
  • The U.S. would trade with the Allies but would
    not offer loans
  • The U.S. would not deliver American products to
    Europe
  • In addition, FDR traded 50 old destroyers with
    England for 8 naval bases in Western Europe

28
The destroyer-for-bases deal is the most
important action in the reinforcement of our
national defense that has been taken since the
Louisiana Purchase FDR
FDR responded with all-out aid to the Allies but
did not call for war
29
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
  • Isolationists
  • Were appalled by this departure from neutrality
    FDRs involvement of the U.S. in foreign war
  • Their fortress of America idea argued that
    Germany was not a threat to the U.S.
  • Interventionists
  • Groups like the Committee to Defend America by
    Aiding the Allies called for unlimited aid to
    England
  • They argued that the events in Europe did impact
    the security of U.S.

30
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
  • By 1940, interventionists had the majority of
    American public sentiment on their side
  • in 1940, Congress appropriated 10 billion for
    preparedness
  • FDR called for Americas first ever peacetime
    draft
  • In the election of 1940, FDR was overwhelmingly
    elected for an unprecedented 3rd term

31
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
  • By 1940, England remained the only active
    opposition to Hitler but was running out of
    money
  • FDR called for a Lend-Lease Act
  • U.S. can sell or lend war supplies to Allied
    nations
  • Congress put 7 billion to allow England full
    access to U.S. arms

U.S. Cash and Carry Program
X
32
Lend-Lease Supply Routes
33
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
  • England desperately needed help escorting
    U.S.-made supplies through the u-boat infested
    Atlantic
  • FDR allowed for U.S. patrols in the western half
    of the Atlantic
  • German attacks on U.S. ships in 1941 led to an
    undeclared naval war between USA Germany

U.S. Cash and Carry Program
X
X
34
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
  • In 1941, FDR Churchill met to secretly draft
    the Atlantic Charter
  • The U.S. Britain discussed a military strategy
    if the USA were to enter the war
  • They discussed post-war goals of free trade
    disarmament
  • In 1941, Germany broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact
    invaded Russia

35
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
  • FDR brought U.S. to the brink of war opened
    himself to criticism
  • In Sept 1941, polls showed 80 of Americans
    supported remaining neutral in WW2
  • FDR had to wait for the Axis to make a decisive
    movewhich Japan delivered on Dec 7, 1941

36
Pearl Harbor
37
Showdown in the Pacific
  • Japan took full advantage of the European war to
    expand in Asia
  • Attacked coastal China
  • Seized French Dutch colonies in East Indies
    Indochina
  • Signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany Italy
    in 1940
  • FDR retaliated against Japan with fuel, iron,
    oil sanctions

38
The U.S. now faced a possible 2-ocean war
but Germany was still seen as the primary danger
39
The Greater East Asia-Prosperity Company
Rich in Tin, Oil, Rubber
40
Showdown in the Pacific
  • In 1941, the U.S. Japan were unable to
    diplomatically resolve their differences, so the
    USA
  • Froze all Japanese assets in USA
  • Banned all oil sales to Japan
  • Hideki Tojo sent an envoy to negotiate for a
    resolutionbut secretly ordered an attack on the
    U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor

41
This was really a stall tactic intended to hide
Japanese military preparations for an attack on
Pearl Harbor
U.S. wanted the Japanese removed from China
Japan wanted an end to sanctions a free hand to
China
42
On Dec 7, 1941, the U.S. naval fleet in the
Pacific was crippled by the attack 8 battleships
were sunk 2,400 Americans were killed
43
Showdown in the Pacific
  • After Pearl Harbor
  • Congress declared war against Japan on Dec 8,
    1941
  • Italy Germany declared war on the U.S. on Dec
    11, 1941
  • American public opinion was now fully behind the
    war effort to defeat the fascist threat in Europe
    to seek revenge against Japan
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