Will I need therapy after this class?

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Will I need therapy after this class?
Lecture 14 - Genetics
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MENDLE
Founder of modern genetics
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Mendels garden as it appears today in Austria
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Mendel studied inheritance of garden peas with no
knowledge of meiosis
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........such as shape, color and texture of pea
seeds.
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Morgan advanced Mendels ideas using fruit flies.
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Fruit fly genetics is most well known of any
animal
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Next Some genetics terms and concepts
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Gene that section of DNA responsible for
protein (or trait) such as seed color, eye color,
skin color, etc.)
Review
Chromatin
Gene
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(No Transcript)
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Genes Genes make protein products Alleles are
alternate forms of gene for same trait
Hemoglobin normal gene H
Hemoglobin sickle cell gene h (allele)
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Genotype GENOTYPE is combination of genes
responsible for traits or products. Three
possibilities for genes H and h HH and hh and
Hh HH and hh HOMOZYGOUS Genotypes Homo
same
zygous union Hh
HETEROZYGOUS Genotype
Hetero other
zygous union
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Egg
sperm
H
H
h
h
HH
Homozygous genotypes
hh
Normal zygote
h
H
zygote with sickel cell
Heterozygous genotype
Hh
Normal zygote
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Phenotype Physical, chemical, physiological,
behavioral appearance of organism
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Review - Gene, Genotype Phenotype
Phenotype normal red blood cell
PHENOTYPE normal hemoglobin
GENOTYPES HH or Hh
H normal hemoglobin GENE h abnormal
hemoglobin GENE
PHENOTYPE abnormal hemoglobin
Phenotype sickled red blood cell
GENEOTYPE hh
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Types of genetic interactions following
amphimixis Dominance / recessiveness Incomplete
Dominance Codominance Pleiotropy Atavism Mult
iple Alleles at the same loci
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Dominant / Recessive Alleles (genes) DOMINANT
allele - homozygous or heterozygous genotype
same phenotype RECESSIVE allele phenotype only
shows up in homozygous genotype Alleles
(genes) Genotypes Phenotypes T (tall
plant) TT Tall Plant t (short plant) Tt Tall
Plant tt Short Plant
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G allele for green seed pods is dominant
g allele for yellow pods is recessive
gg
GG or Gg
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Polydactyly due to dominant gene (P) normal is
due to recessive allele (p)
PP or Pp genotype
syndactyly
pp is normal
PP or Pp
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Attached and Free earlobes
Genotypes ff
FF or Ff Phenotypes attached
Free
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Several types of interactions Dominance /
recessiveness Incomplete Dominance Codominance
Pleiotropy Atavism Multiple Alleles at the same
loci
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Incomplete Dominance neither allele is
completely expressed
when the other allele is present. Genes Genotypes
Phenotypes R (red flower) RR Red W (white
flower) WW White RW Pink
WW RW RR
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Several types of interactions Dominance /
recessiveness Incomplete Dominance Codominance
Pleiotropy Atavism Multiple Alleles at the same
loci
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Codominance equal expression of two alleles that
occur at the same loci on
homologous chromosomes Genes Genotypes
Phenotypes IA IAIA Blood type A
IB IBIB Blood type B i ii Blood
type O IAIB Blood type AB IAi Blood
type A IBi Blood type B
IA and IB are codominant to each other, but
dominant to i
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Type A protein in membrane
Type A blood is IAIA or IAi
Type B protein in membrane
Type B blood is IBIB or IBi
Type A and type B proteins in membrane
Type AB blood is IAIB
Neiter Type A or type B proteins in membrane
Type O blood is ii
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Several types of interactions Dominance /
recessiveness Incomplete Dominance Codominance
Pleiotropy Atavism Multiple Alleles at the same
loci
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Pleiotropy single gene has have
multiple effects
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. More pleitropy
Sickle cell hemoglobin protein Sickle cells
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Sickle cells reduced blood flow
. More pleitropy
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. More pleitropy
Reduced blood flow organ failures
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Several types of interactions Dominance /
recessiveness Incomplete Dominance Codominance
Pleiotropy Atavism Multiple Alleles at the same
loci
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Atavism Traits similar to ancestral
evolutionary traits. Examples include
human tail, mammary line, dolphin hind
limb May be due to ancient genes mutations
resulting in traits that resemble ancient traits
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Human gene pool
Normal allele is N atavistic allele is W and
rare NN normal NW normal WW atavism
N
N
N
W
W
N
N
N
N
N
W
N
N
N
N
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Human Tail is an example of Atavism or a form
similar to an ancestral form
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Mammary line - atavistic trait
resulting in multiple mammary glands in humans
as is found in other more primitive mammals
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Dolphin hind limb bud (atavism) degenerates by
week 5
abnormal
Normal
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Several types of interactions Dominance /
recessiveness Incomplete Dominance Codominance
Lethal Alleles Pleiotropy Multiple Alleles at
the same loci
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Si
S
Sp
Sw
least
Order of dominance
S solid black Si Black with some white Sp
white with some black Sw all white
Alleles
Genotypes and Phenotype
Black and white coat color in dogs. Multiple
Alleles at the same loci. 3 or more
alleles at same loci within a population.
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genotypes
Phenotype Black
S S or S Si or S Sp or S Sw
S solid black Si Black with some white Sp
white with some black Sw all white
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Phenotype Black with some white
genotypes
Si Si or Si Sp or Si Sw
S solid black Si Black with some white Sp
white with some black Sw all white
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genotypes
Sp Sp or Sp Sw
S solid black Si Black with some white Sp
white with some black Sw all white
Phenotype White with some black
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S solid black Si Black with some white Sp
white with some black Sw all white
Sw Sw