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Title: ??t??e? ?

1
??t??e? ?
2

Sf??µ?µ?t??s?
??ete ß???e? a?t?????af?a
??s?? ap? sa?
?? a?s?a????ate
??date t?p?ta ?at? t? d????e?a t??
a?t??????f?s??
?? e??a? a?t? ? a?t???ß???a p?? ???s?µ?p??????e
?a? p?? pa???eta?

3
???? ?st???a

?? 1895 ? Ge?µa??? f?s???? Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
µe?et??se t?? ?d??t?te? t?? ??e?t?????? p??
ep?ta?????ta? ap? ??e?t???? ped??, µ?sa se s????a
?e???.

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen1845-1923
4

? Roentgen
pa?at???se ?t?, ?ta? p??s?a?e st? s????a µ?a
f???????sa ??s?a, t?te ? ??s?a, a?t???ß????se
f??, e??, ?ta? p??s?a?e ??a f?t???af??? f??µ,
t?te a?t? µa????e.
?p?st????e ?t? ta fa???µe?a a?t? ?fe????ta? se
??a ??? ????st? t?p? a?t????, t?? ?p??e? ???µase
a?t??e? ?.
?? ? ???s?µ?p??????e ?p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? st??
???eß?a ??a t? s?µß??? t?? a???st??.
S?µe?a ?? a?t??e? ? ???µ????ta? ?a? a?t??e?
Roentgen.

G?a t?? a?a?????? t?? a?t? ? ???t??e? p??e, t?
1901, t? ß?aße?? N?µpe? F?s????.
? ???t??e? d???se ta ???µata t?? ß?aße??? st?
pa?ep?st?µ?? p?? e??a??ta?.
?p?? ?a? ? ??e? ??????, µet? ap? µe???? ?????a, ?
???t??e? a??????e ?a p??e? ???µata ap? t??
pat??te? efa?µ???? t?? a?a??????? t??.
??te ????se ?a p????? ?? a?t??e? ? t? ???µ? t??.
?? 2004 ? I.U.P.A.C. ?d?se t? ???µ? t?? st?
st???e?? ?e?t???????µ.

?e??? ??t? ??t?????af?a µe a?t??e? ? t?? ?e????
t?? ?a? Röntgen, p?? p??e ? ?d??? ? Röntgen st??
23 ?a???a???? 1896

6
?a?a???? t?? a?t???? ?

? s?s?e?? pa?a????? a?t???? ? ap?te?e?ta? ap? ??a
??????? s????a ef?d?asµ??? µe d?? ??e?t??d?a, t??
???d? ?a? t?? ????d?.
? ????d?? ?e?µa??eta? ?a? e?p?µpe? ??e?t????a.
?s? µe?a??te?? e??a? ? ?e?µ???as?a t?? ?a??d??
t?s? µe?a??te??? e??a? ? a???µ?? t?? ??e?t??????
p?? e?p?µp??ta? st? µ???da t?? ??????.
?eta?? t?? a??d?? ?a? t?? ?a??d?? efa?µ??eta?
????? t?s?, p?? ep?ta???e? ta ??e?t????a.

? s????a? pe????e? a???? se p??? ?aµ??? p?es?,
?ste ?a pe????????ta? ?? s??????se?? t??
??e?t?????? µe ta µ???a t?? ae????.
?a ??e?t????a p??sp?pt??? st?? ???d? µe µe????
ta??t?ta.
??te ? ???d?? e?p?µpe? a?t??e? ?.
St?? ???d? a?apt?sseta? p??? ????? ?e?µ???as?a,
?? a?t? t? ????? t?? e??a? d?st??t? µ?ta???
µe????? µa????? a???µ?? (p.?. ß??f??µ??) ?a?
?p???e? s?st?µa ?????.

?ta? ??e?t????a µe????? ta??t?ta?, p?? ?????
ep?ta????e? ap? ????? t?s?, p??sp?pt??? se
µeta????? st???, t?te pa?????ta? ap? a?t??
a?t??e? ?.

9
S?s?e??? pa?a????? a?t???? ?
10
F?s? t?? a?t???? ?

?e??aµat??? ??e? ap?de???e? ?t? ?? a?t??e? ?
???a? a??at? ??e?t??µa???t??? a?t???ß???a.
?p?? ??a ta e?d? ??e?t??µa???t???? a?t???ß???a?,
ap?te????ta? ap? f?t???a.
?a f?t???a t?? a?t???? ? ????? p??? µ????te??
µ???? ??µat?? ap? e?e??? t?? f?t????? t?? ??at??
f?t??.
?? µ???? ??µat?? t?? a?t???? ? e??a? s?????s?µ?
µe t?? d?ast?se?? t?? at?µ??.

11
F?sµa t?? a?t???? ?

?? f?sµa t?? a?t???ß???a? ? e??a? s???et? ??a
s??e??? ?a? ??a ??aµµ??? f?sµa.
?p??? st? s??e??? f?sµa eµfa?????ta? µe?????
??aµµ?? (??aµµ??? f?sµa).
?a d?? e?d? f?sµat?? ?fe????ta? se d??
d?af??et???? d?ad??as?e? pa?a????? t?? a?t???? ?.

F?sµa a?t???? ? ???d?? ap? µ???ßd???? ??s? 35 kV
12
G?aµµ??? f?sµa a?t???? ?

G?aµµ??? f?sµa d??e? ? d?ad??as?a pa?a?????
f?t????? µet? ap? d???e?s? ???? ????s??.
? d?e???? ???µas?a a?t?? t?? d?ad??as?a? e??a?
e?p?µp? st??ß?da? ?.

13
G?aµµ??? f?sµa a?t???? ?

?a ?????µe?a ??e?t????a s????????ta? µe
µeµ???µ??a ?t?µa t?? ?????? t?? a??d??.
?a ?t?µa t?? a??d?? d?e?e????ta?. ??a ??e?t?????
t?? ?eµe???d??? ?at?stas?? (t?? st??ß?da? ?) t??
at?µ?? µetap?d? se ???? ep?t?ep?µe?? t?????
µe?a??te??? e????e?a?.
? ?e?? ??s? t?? ??e?t?????? µp??e? ?a s?µp?????e?
ap? ??a ??e?t????? t?? at?µ?? p?? ß??s?eta? st??
e??te????? st?ß?de?, µe ta?t?????? e?p?µp? e???
f?t????? a?t???? ?.

14
2
1
3
15

?pe?d? ?? ep?t?ep?µe?e? t?µ?? t?? e????e?a? t??
at?µ?? e??a? ?a????sµ??e?, ?? s????t?te? t??
f?t????? p?? e?p?µp??ta? ?a e??a? ?a????sµ??e?.
?p?µ???? t? f?sµa t?? f?t?? p?? e?p?µpe? t? ?t?µ?
?a ap?te?e?ta? ap? ??aµµ?? p?? e??a?
?a?a?t???st???? t?? ?????? t?? a??d??.
?pe?d? ? e????e?a p?? apa?te?ta?, ??a ?a
e?d????e? ??a ??e?t????? ap? µ?a es?te????
t?????, e??a? µe????, ?a p??pe? ?a? ? e????e?a
t?? ??e?t?????? p?? p???a?e? t? d???e?s? ?a e??a?
µe????.
?p?µ???? apa?te?ta? t? ??e?t????? ?a ??e?
ep?ta????e? ap? µe???? d?af??? d??aµ????.

16
S??e??? f?sµa a?t???? ?

? d?e???? ???µas?a a?t?? t?? d?ad??as?a? e??a?
Bremsstrahlung (?p?eµst???????? a?t???ß???a
f?e?a??sµat??).
S?µf??a µe µ?a a???t?? ??as???? f?s????,
??e?t??µa???t??? a?t???ß???a e?p?µpeta? ???e f???
p?? ??a f??t?? ep?ta???eta?(? ep?ß?ad??eta?).

17
(No Transcript)
18

?? ta???? ?????µe?? ??e?t?????, p?? p?fte? p???
st? µeta????? st???, ep?ß?ad??eta?.
?ts? ???e? e????e?a a?t???ß????ta?.
T?µ??e? ??t?
??t? ? a?t???ß???a e??a? a?t??e? ?.

?p? t?? a??? d?at???s?? t?? e????e?a?
H ap??e?a t?? ????t???? e????e?a? Ka-?t t??
??e?t?????? ?a e??a? ?s? µe t?? e????e?a t??
f?t????? hf p?? e?p?µpeta?. ???ad?
hf Ka-?t.
?? ??e?t????? µp??e? ?a ??se? ??? ? µ???? t??
e????e??? t?? se µ?a ? pe??ss?te?e? ????se??.
??a ta f?t???a p?? e?p?µp??ta? ?a ?????
?p??ad?p?te t?µ? e????e?a?, p?? ?a e??a?
µ????te?? ? ?s? t?? a?????? e????e?a? t??
??e?t??????.
?p?µ???? t? f?sµa t?? a?t???ß???a? a?t?? ?a e??a?
s??e???.

20
????? a?t???? ? st? d??st?µa

?e t? d?ad??as?a Bremsstrahlung st? ???st?µa
?p?????? p????? p???? a?t???? ?, p?? pa?????ta?
?ta? ????sµ??? a???? ep?ta???eta?.
???ste?? ? ????? st?? a?t??e? ?
???t?? ? S??pe? ??ßa SN1987? st?? a?t??e? X
?e??? ? ?a?a??a? ? t?? ?e?ta???? st?? a?t??e? X
(p???) ?a? st? ??at? (??t?).

21
?? µ????te?? µ???? ??µat?? ?min t?? s??e????
f?sµat??

?? µ????te?? µ???? ??µat?? ?min t?? a?t???ß???a?
e?p?µpeta?, ?ta? ??? ? e????e?a e??? ??e?t??????
µetat??peta? se e????e?a e??? f?t????? se µ?a
µ??? ????s?.
T?t??ta? ?t0 st? s??s? hf Ka-?t, pa?????µe
hf Ka (1)
? ????t??? e????e?a Ka t?? ??e?t?????? e??a? ?s?
µe t?? e????e?a eV p?? ap??t? µ?s? t?? t?s?? V
p?? t? ep?ta???e?.
??t??a??st??ta? Ka eV st?? (1), pa?????µe
hf eV ?a? epe?d?
c ?f ? f c/?min, ????µe
hc/?min eV, ?p?te

?? e????st? µ???? ??µat?? ?min e?a?t?ta? µ??? ap?
t?? t?s? V µeta?? a??d?? ?a? ?a??d?? ?a? ??? ap?
t? ????? t?? a??d??.
?? ?min e??a? a?t?st??f?? a?????? t?? V.

23
?p????f?s? t?? a?t???? ?

?ta? ?? a?t??e? ? p??sp?pt??? se ??a ?????, t?te
??a µ???? t?? a?t???ß???a? ap????f?ta? ap? t?
?????.
? ap????f?s? t?? a?t???? ? e?a?t?ta? ap?
a. t? f?s? t?? ??????,
ß. t? µ???? ??µat?? t?? a?t???ß???a? ?a?.
?. t? p???? t?? ??????.

a. ?s? µe?a??te??? e??a? ? at?µ???? a???µ?? ? t??
at?µ?? t?? ?????? st? ?p??? p??sp?pte? ?
a?t???ß???a, t?s? µe?a??te?? e??a? ? ap????f?s?
t?? a?t???ß???a?.
St?? a?t?????af?e? t?? a????p???? s?µat??
ta ?st?, p?? ap?te????ta? ap? ?t?µa µe?a??te???
at?µ???? a???µ?? (p.?. Ca, P), ap????f???
pe??ss?te?? a?t???ß???a ?a? fa????ta? p??
f?t?sµ??a.
e?? ?? ?st??, p?? ap?te????ta? ap? ?t?µa
µ????te??? at?µ???? a???µ?? (p.?. ?, ?, C, N),
ap????f??? p??? ????te?? ?a? fa????ta?
µa???sµ??a.
T?µ??e?te ?? a?t??e? ? µa??????? t? f?t???af???
f??µ

ß. ?ta? ?? a?t??e? ? d?ape????? µ?a p???a µe
???sµ??? p????, t?te ? ap????f?s? t?? a?t????
a????eta? ?s? a????eta? t? µ???? ??µat?? t??
a?t???ß???a?.
?? a?t??e? ? p?? ?????
µ???? µ??? ??µat?? ???µ????ta? s?????? a?t??e?
?a? e??a? pe??ss?te?? d?e?sd?t???? (µ????te??
ap????f?s?),
µe???a µ??? ??µat?? ???µ????ta? µa?a??? a?t??e?
?a? e??a? ????te?? d?e?sd?t???? (µe?a??te??
ap????f?s?).
?. ?s? t? p???? t?? ?????? e??a? µe?a??te?? t?s?
µe?a??te?? e??a? ?a? ? ap????f?s? t??
a?t???ß???a? µ?sa st? ????? a?t?.

26
???se?? t?? a?t???? ?

?? a?t??e? ? ???s?µ?p?????ta?
St?? ?at????
St? ß??µ??a??a
St?? ep?st?µ????? ??e??a

St?? ?at????

St?? ?at????
??t?????af?a ??t???s??p?s?
? ap????f?s? t?? a?t???? ? e?a?t?ta? ap? t??
at?µ??? a???µ? t?? ??µ???? st???e??? t?? ??????
p?? t?? ap????f?.
St?? ?d??t?ta a?t? st????eta? ? ???s? t?? a?t????
? st? d?????s? pa??se??.
St?? a?t?????af?a ?? a?t??e? ? d?ape????? t? s?µa
e??? as?e??, p?s? ap t? ?p??? ?p???e?
f?t???af??? f??µ.
St? f??µ ?ata???f??ta? ?? s???? t?? tµ?µ?t?? t??
s?µat??.

??????? t?µ???af?a
(Computed Axial Tomography C.A.T.)
???a? ? p?? e?e???µ??? d?a???st??? µ???d??.
? p??? t?? a?t???? ? pa???e? d?sµ?, p?? ??e?
µ??f? ße?t???a?.
?? a?t??e? t?? d?sµ?? d?ape????? t? a????p???
s?µa ?a? ?at? t?? ???d? t??? a????e???ta? ap?
a????e?t??.
??a? ??e?t??????? ?p?????st?? epe?e????eta? ta
ded?µ??a t?? a????e?t??.
??e??e?te? t?? a?t?????af?a? ??at? e??a? p??
a?a??t???.
?e?????t?µa ?e???? d?s? a?t???ß???a?, µe????
??st??.

???????? t?µ???af?e? ?a? s?s?e?? ?????.

St? ß??µ??a??a
?? a?t??e? ? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a ?a d?ap?st??e?
? ?pa??? e?att?µ?t?? st? es?te???? µeta??????
?atas?e???.
? d?ad??as?a e??a? ? ?d?a µe e?e??? t??
a?t???d?a???st????.
Sta ae??d??µ?a

32
?????????? ß??ße? p?? p???a???? ?? a?t??e? ?

?? a?t??e? ? p???a???? ß??ße? st??? ???a??sµ???.
?ta? ap????f??ta? ap? t??? ?st??? µp??e? ?a
a?????s??? t? µ???a?? d?µ? t?? p??te???? ?a?
e?d??? t?? DNA.
?a ap?te??sµata µp??e? ?a e??a? µetaß???? sta
?e?et??? ??tta?a, ste???s?, ?a??????, a??µa ?a?
???at??.
?a ap?te??sµata e?a?t??ta? ap? t? d?s? t??
a?t???ß???a?.
St? ???s? t?? a?t???? ? p??pe? ?a ?aµß??eta?
?p??? t? ?fe??? se s??s? µe t? ??st??.

33
?? µ??aµe

?ta? ??e?t????a µe????? ta??t?ta?, p?? ?????
ep?ta????e? ap? ????? t?s?, p??sp?pt??? se
µeta????? st???, t?te pa?????ta? ap? a?t??
a?t??e? ?.
?? a?t??e? ? e??a? a??at? ??e?t??µa???t???
a?t???ß???a µe p??? µ????te?? µ???? ??µat?? ap?
t?? ??at?? f?t??.
?? f?sµa t?? a?t???ß???a? ? e??a? s???et? ??a
s??e??? ?a? ??a ??aµµ???.
G?aµµ??? f?sµa d??e? ? d?ad??as?a pa?a?????
f?t????? µet? ap? d???e?s? ???? ????s?? ?a? e??a?
?a?a?t???st??? t?? µet????? t?? a??d??.

34
?? µ??aµe

?? s??e??? f?sµa pa???eta? ?at? t?? ep?ß??d??s?
t?? ??e?t?????? ap? t? ????? t?? a??d??, ?p?te
e?p?µp??? ??e?t??µa???t??? a?t???ß???a.
?? µ????te?? µ???? ??µat?? ?min t?? s??e????
f?sµat?? t?? a?t???? ? e?p?µpeta?, ?ta? t?
??e?t????? d??e? ??? t?? ????t??? t?? e????e?a se
??a f?t???? se µ?a µ??? ????s?.
?? µ????te?? µ???? ??µat?? d??eta? ap? t? s??s?
?? a?t??e? ? p???a???? ß????????? ß??ße?.