Pages 286 - 291

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CHAPTER 8
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Pages 286 - 291
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PLACER MINING

• The original rush to the American West was for
  the California Gold Rush in 1849.
• Thousands of people went west to seek their
  fortunes in 1849, but also throughout the Civil
  War, so the West started to go through big
  changes in the years 1865 1900.
• The first miners were usually poor people that
  wanted a new start, so they used Placer Mining to
  get the gold.
• In this type of mining, you use pans, screens,
  sluices to separate the heavy gold from the silt
  in the streams. This was cheap and could be done
  without a lot of money or machinery.

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QUARTZ MINING

• Quartz mining involves digging into the ground to
  get to the lodes or veins of ore.
• This requires a lot of money and equipment. Most
  quartz mining in the west was done by large
  corporations.

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COMSTOCK LODE

• The Comstock Lode was the first major U.S.
  discovery of silver and gold ore, located under
  what is now Virginia City, Nevada.
• After the discovery was made public in 1859,
  prospectors rushed to the area and scrambled to
  stake their claims. Mining camps soon thrived in
  the vicinity, which became bustling centers of
  fabulous wealth

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Review

• True or False? Many prospectors became rich when
  the mines they created generated huge profits.
• 1. Early prospectors would extract shallow
  deposits of ore by
• A) quartz mining. B)strip mining.
  
• C) placer mining D) surface mining.
• 2. The Comstock Lode was a rich deposit of
• A) gold B) silver C) copper D) diamonds.
• 3. Many of the first miners in the Colorado
  mountains did not find minerals because
• A) there were no minerals.B) the areas were too
  remote.
• C) mining companies had claimed them D) the
  minerals were too deep.

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THE WILD, WILD WEST

• Boom towns had reputations from when a ore or
  animal ruled the world. Astoria was built by John
  Jacob Astor and his fur trading company.
• A number of towns in Kansas became temporary Boom
  Towns for cattle until the railroad was extended
  past the town or the town people did not want to
  put up with all of the commotion and cowboys.
• Mining towns were built, the ore was used up and
  then people moved on to the next ore strike.

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VIGILANCE COMMITTEES

• A Vigilance Committee was a group of private
  citizens who organized themselves for
  self-protection.
• Vigilance committees were often established in
  areas where there was either no local law or the
  local law enforcement was ineffective or corrupt.
   Vigilance committees were popular within the
  United States in the 19th Century.

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The Cowboy Life

• The Civil War was great for Texas ranchers. They
  supplied food to the Confederacy and built their
  herds.
• When the war broke out, most ranchers went to war
  and left the ranches. During the war, the herds
  multiplied without controls, so that when the
  soldiers came home after the war, there were
  cattle everywhere.
• This made it easy for someone with very little
  money to get a herd together and become a rancher.

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The Cowboy Life

• Most of these ranches were small and benefitted
  from the Open Range policy.
• In the open range, there were no fences. Cattle
  were left to graze where they could and were
  rounded up in the spring for branding. This
  allowed all the ranchers, big and small to
  benefit from the land.

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The Texas Longhorn

• The real secret of successful ranching in Texas
  was the breeding of the Longhorn.
• The Longhorn was a result of breeding ordinary
  American Angus cows and Mexican breeds.
• They were hardy and could live in the tough Texas
  climate. They were disease and drought resistant.

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The Open Range

• The Open Range idea made ranching boom in the
  years after the Civil War. The East wanted meat
  and the West had the cattle.

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Cattle Boom

• Two developments worked together to cause the
  market for beef to boom after the Civil War.
• The first was the war itself. All the cattle
  east of the Mississippi had been slaughtered to
  feed the armies. After the war, people still
  wanted beef but couldnt get it.
• The Second was the railroads. There werent
  cattle in the east, but there were in the west
  and the railroads could transport them to eastern
  markets.

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THE LONG DRIVE
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The Goodnight/Loving Trail

• Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving were partners
  in a south Texas ranch. They werent making much
  money so they decided to try their luck at
  something new.
• The railroads in the west stopped at Dodge City
  Kansas. Goodnight knew that if he could get his
  cattle to Dodge City, he could sell them at a
  profit.
• They took a herd up through the Texas panhandle
  into Oklahoma and then Missouri. Cattle they
  bought for 2 dollars in South Texas could be sold
  for 9 dollars in Sedalia, Missouri.
• This is usually considered the first of the Long
  Drives. This was in 1866.

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Mavericks

• Maury Maverick was one of the original Texas
  ranchers. He was from San Antonio.
• Maverick, unlike the other ranchers, didnt brand
  his cattle. He let them roam free and when they
  mixed in with other herds, they could be cut out
  because they didnt have a brand.
• After awhile, any unbranded cattle was called a
  Maverick and could be taken for free.

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Nat Love

• Nat Love was one of many ex slaves that came west
  after the Civil War.
• He became an expert roper and cowboy and is
  usually credited with inventing the sport of
  bulldogging cattle.

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Two Reasons the Long Drives Ended
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Review

• 1) At first, ranchers saw barbed wire as a threat
  because it
• a.harmed their cattle. b.kept their herds from
  roaming freely.
• c.required much effort to maintain.
• d.kept their herds away from food.
• 2) The fencing of the open range resulted in all
  of the following EXCEPT
• a.the end of long cattle drives.b.the transition
  of cowboys to ranch hands.
• c.the replacement of longhorns with new European
  breeds.
• d.the decline of the cattle industry in favor of
  sheep ranching.

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Pages 292 - 295
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FARMING THE PLAINS
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HOMESTEAD ACT

• The 1862 Homestead Act was passed to encourage
  people to move to the Great Plains. This act gave
  anyone 160 acres of land to anyone that moved
  onto the land and LIVED there for 5 years. This
  was to prevent corporations from simply
  registering the land and not using it. The idea
  was to get people out there.
• Many people called this area the Great American
  Desert because it was flat and didnt have any
  trees. They thought it was impossible to grow
  anything there. Were they ever wrong.

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Farming the Great Plains

• There were a number of reasons why so many moved
  to the Great Plains.
• One was the huge flow of immigrants that were
  coming into America with the Industrial
  Revolution. The Great Plains served as a safety
  valve for population.
• The second was it was very profitable. The period
  after the Civil War saw American wheat selling
  overseas for record prices.

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Dry Farming

• Dryland farming is an agricultural technique for
  non-irrigated cultivation of land which receives
  little natural rainfall.
• The early settlers tried to use their old ways of
  farming by plowing deep into the soil. The
  problem with eastern soil is that it is wet and
  must be dried.
• The soil of the Great Plains was just the
  opposite. New methods of farming had to be
  developed before the plains could be efficiently
  farmed.

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Bonanza farms are huge corporate farms
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Review

• White settlement of the Great Plains west of the
  Mississippi River occurred because of
• A) All of the answers below
• B) The discovery of gold and silver deposits
• c) Encouragement by the Federal government
• D) Passage of the Homestead Act

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CRAZY HORSE

• Crazy Horse was a Native American war leader of
  the Oglala Lakota. He took up arms against the
  U.S. Federal government to fight against
  encroachments on the territories, including
  leading a war party at the Battle of the Little
  Bighorn in June 1876. After surrendering to U.S.
  troops in 1877, Crazy Horse was fatally wounded
  by a military guard while allegedly resisting
  imprisonment

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SITTING BULL

• Sitting Bull was a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man
  who led his people as a war chief during years of
  resistance to United States government policies.
  he was killed during an attempt to arrest him and
  prevent him from supporting the Ghost Dance
  movement.
• He is notable in American history for his role in
  the major victory at the Battle of the Little
  Bighorn

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SAND CREEK MASSACRE

• The Sand Creek massacre occurred on November 29,
  1864, when a 700-man force of Colorado Territory
  militia attacked and destroyed a village of
  friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in
  southeastern Colorado Territory,killing and
  mutilating an estimated 70163 Indians, about
  two-thirds of whom were women and children.

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Custer

• George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 June
  25, 1876) was the commander of the 7th Cavalry at
  the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
• Led the 7th to its destruction

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What destroyed the Plains Buffalo
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The Ghost Dance

• The Ghost Dance was a native American religious
  movement.
• it was first practiced for the Ghost Dance among
  the Nevada Paiute in 1889. The practice swept
  throughout much of the American West, quickly
  reaching areas of California and Oklahoma.
• The chief figure in the movement was Jack Wilson,
  known as Wovoka among the Paiute.
• He prophesied a peaceful end to white American
  expansion while preaching goals of clean living,
  an honest life, and cross-cultural cooperation by
  Native Americans.
• Practice of the Ghost Dance movement was believed
  to have contributed to Lakota resistance.

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ASSIMILATION

• Americanization was an assimilation effort by the
  United States to transform Native American
  culture to American culture between the years of
  17901920.
• Believers in assimilation formulated a policy to
  encourage the "civilizing" process
• This policy tried to completely change Native
  American culture.
• The idea was in the long run, to destroy it.

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The Dawes Act

• The Dawes Act divided up the land on the Indian
  reservations into individual parcels.
• The idea was to get each Indian family to farm
  their own plot and eventually assimilate into
  American society
• This was disastrous for Native American culture.

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Review

• 1) In choosing Indian removal, white society of
  the 1830s was rejecting the concept of
• A) Establishing Indian reservations
• B) Creating a shared world with the Indians
• C) Segregating Indian and white societies
• D) Treating the territories as virgin land

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Review

• 2) The Dawes Act attempted to help Native
  Americans by
• a.selling land and building a trust of money for
  them.
• b.returning them to their native lands.
• c.reintroducing the buffalo to reservation lands.
• d.training them to become farmers.