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RUSSIA

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Title: RUSSIA


1
RUSSIA
  • Climate Change Policy
  • Whitney Jones

2
BackgroundFrom CIA World Fact Book
  • Russia is the worlds largest nation in terms of
    land area.
  • Due to the cold and arid climate much of the land
    is unfavorable for living or farming and out of
    the way of common trade paths.
  • Russia has been an independent since the
    dispersal of the USSR in 1991 and is currently
    struggling to work past the effects left from
    years of communist rule towards a democratic
    political system (with judicial, executive and
    legislative branches using checks and balances)
    and a market economy.

3
BackgroundFrom CIA World Fact Book
  • 17,075,200 square miles (about 1.8 times the
    size of the USA)
  • Has a population of 143,782,338 people as of
    2004
  • Population growth rate of -.45
  • 2003 GDP of 1.282 trillion and 8,900 per capita
    GDP, 6.5 growth rate since 1998
  • 5 agriculture
  • 35 industry (mining of coal, oil, gas and
    metals, equipment production, and chemical
    production)
  • 60 services
  • Exports have grown since economic crisis of 1998,
    80 are composed of oil, natural gas, timber, and
    metals.

4
Background Continued
  • Oil Consumption (2001) 2.595 million bbl/day
  • Oil production (2001) 7.286 million bbl/day
  • Yields 2.4 billion tons of CO2 1990
  • Electricity Consumption (2001) 773 billion
    kWh/yr
  • Electricity production (2003) 915 kWh/yr
  • 17.4 of world CO2 emissions

5
Emissions
  • Between 1990 and 1994
  • CO2 down 30
  • CH4 down 26
  • N2O down 43
  • Energy production causes 98 of CO2 Emissions
  • Of CO2 emissions 45 are from Natural gas, 31
    from coal, and 24 from oil
  • There has been a drop was a drop in economic
    activity after 1990
  • Due to large forest coverage, relies heavily on
    sinks (up to one quarter of emissions)

6
Climate Change and Government
  • 1998 the State Committee for the Protection of
    Nature
  • 1992 Ministry of Environmental Protection and
    Natural Resources
  • Agencies in each of the 89 sub-national
    jurisdictions
  • 1994 Interagency Commission of the Russian
    Federation on Climate Change (ICC)
  • Releases National Communications
  • Composed of representatives from economic and
    environmental government agencies
  • Is currently rather weak
  • Monitoring done by Ministry of Environmental
    Protection and Hydromet (the Federal Service on
    Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring)
  • Duma has little influence in environmental affairs

7
National Communications
  • Available only in Russian
  • National Communication 1(1997)
  • Research programs to meet needs of climate change
  • Change energy structure towards renewable sources
  • Criticized by UNFCCC for lack of urgency
  • National Communication2 (1998)
  • Similar vague strategies with low funding
  • Similar criticism
  • Russia claimed to be an Economy in Transition
  • National Communication 3 (2002)
  • Updated information on emissions and sinks

8
PROBLEMS
  • Government lacks strong central policy making
    body
  • NGOs are weak
  • Policies are not connected to the majority of
    people
  • Industry is favored (especially energy production
    industry)
  • Large economic benefits from Oil exports,
    pressure to comply with competitor OPECs views
    on climate policy

9
Policies
  • 1993 Energy Strategies of Russia highlighted
    reducing CO2 emissions in all economic sectors
  • 1996 Russian government adopted Federal Climate
    Program on Prevention of Dangerous Climate Change
    and Their Negative Consequences
  • Establishes monitoring systems of emissions of
    GHG, adaptation measures, and regulation
    measures.
  • 1997-2000 only 40million were allocated to
    climate change program
  • 28 million in the federal budget
  • Budget does not allow for much influence in IPCC
  • Policies ride on the notion that there will be
    some sort of technology developed to help solve
    the problem of GHG emissions

10
International Co-operation
  • Holds a generally skeptical point of view,
    however much of Russia is at significant risk
  • Signed the UNFCCC in 1992 listed as a nation in
    transition
  • Berlin 1995- was not progressive, asked for
    assistance thru JI, thought regulation was more
    effective than voluntary co-operation of industry
  • Geneva 1996- maintains skeptical point of view,
    cant come up with solid national plan for
    reductions

11
Continued
  • Kyoto 1997- maintained skeptical position however
    took a slightly more active role
  • Favored emissions trading (which was a topic of
    dispute), played a role in the Umbrella Group.
  • Favored the three-gas basket (CO2, N2O, CH4)
  • Wanted highly flexible regulations for nations in
    transitions
  • Bonn 1998- Joined with umbrella group to
    outline emissions trading and fought to ignore
    the hot-air problem
  • Through 2003 Russia was very hesitant to support
    Kyoto Protocol because of the impacts it could
    cause on economic growth
  • Russia (Putin) signs Kyoto Protocol Nov. 2004 in
    return for EUs support of Russia joining the WTO

12
Future
  • Due much to the economic break down after the
    collapse of the USSR it is estimated that
    2008-2012 emissions will be lower than the 1990
    levels (this depends on the level of growth)
  • Russia has the potential to be a major supplier
    in ET
  • Will require rigid national monitoring policies,
    establishment of a national registry, and reports
    to be made using international reporting
    standards by 2007
  • Stands to gain a lot though JI and CDM

13
Sources
  • Cia World Fact Book
  • Arild, Tangen. The Kyoto Mechanisms and Russian
    Climate Politics
  • www. Russiansaboard.com
  • www. Enviroleteracy.org
  • www.oecd.org
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