Intelligence

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Chapter 9

• Intelligence
• Psychological Testing

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Principle Types of Tests

• Standardized measure of a sample of a persons
  behavior
• Represent a sample of your behavior
• Mental ability
• - intelligence measures general mental
  abilities
• - Aptitude assess specific types of mental
  abilities
• - Achievement gauge a persons mastery and
  knowledge of various subjects
• B) Personality test
• - measure various aspects of personality
• - also called scales b/c theres no right or
  wrong

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Aptitude and Achievement Tests
Aptitude tests are intended to predict your
ability to learn a new skill and achievement
tests are intended to reflect what you have
already learned.
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Standardization Norms

• Refers to the uniform procedures used in the
  administration and scoring of a test.
• Test norms illustrate where your score falls in
  comparison to other scores
• Percentile score indicates the percentage of
  people who score at or below the score one has
  obtained
• Sample of people that the norms are based on is
  called a tests standardized group or norm group

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The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet
IQ Scores
IQs less than 70 mental retardation. More than
130 gifted
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Flynn Effect
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Reliability

• Repeated measurements should yield reasoning
  similar results
• Split-half Reliability Dividing the test into
  two equal halves and assessing how consistent the
  scores are.
• Reliability using different tests Using
  different forms of the test to measure
  consistency between them.
• Test-Retest Reliability Using the same test on
  two occasions to measure consistency.
• Should fall b/w .70-.90
• Correlation coefficient is a numerical index
  of the degree of relationship b/w two variables

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Validity

• Ability of a test to measure what it was designed
  to measure
• Content validity content of a test is
  representative of the domain its supposed to
  cover
• Criterion-related validity estimate participants
  score w/ independent criterion
• Construct validity the extent to which evidence
  shows that a test measures a particular
  hypothetical construct

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Influential People

• Francis Galton believed intelligence was
  hereditary
• - measured intelligence by our senses
• Alfred Binet devised the first test to measure
  students mental abilities in 1905
• - mental age he or she displayed the mental
  ability of a child of that actual age
• Lewis Terman and colleagues _at_ Stanford
• David Wechsler published the first high-quality
  IQ test for adults in 1939 (WAIS Wechsler Adult
  Intelligence Scale)

IQ Mental age/Chronological age X 100
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IQ examsQ A

• What kind of questions?
• - vary depending on the age of subjects
• - WAIS recognize vocab, figure out patterns,
  and basic memory
• 2. What do modern IQ scores mean?
• - bell curve normal distribution
• - deviation IQ cores locate subjects precisely
  within the normal distribution, using standard
  deviation as the unit of measurement
• - IQ tests set SD _at_ 15

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Bell CurveStandard Deviation
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More Q A

• 3. Do intelligence test have adequate
  reliability?
• - correlation in the .90s
• - the question of extraneous variables
• 4. Do intelligence tests have adequate validity?
• - purpose to predict school performance
• - school grades IQ scores .4-.5
• 5. Do intelligence tests predict vocational
  success?
• 6. Are IQ tests used in other cultures?
• - do not translate well into non-western
  cultures
• - might value different mental skills have a
  different concept of intelligence

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Mental Retardation

• Sub average mental abilities accompanied by
  deficiencies in adaptive skills, originating
  before age 18
• Cut off point has changed 4 times
• Levels
• 1. 2-3 of school aged children
• 2. mild 51-70 sixth grade by late teens
• 3. moderate 2nd-4th grade
• 4. Severe limited speech toilet habits
• 5. Profound little to no speech, not toilet
  trained relatively unresponsive to training

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Robert Sternberg

• Conducts study surveying what people considered
  intelligent
• Verbal
• - verbally fluent
• - speaks clearly
• - knowledgeable about a particular field
• - reads w/ high comprehension
• Practical
• - sees all aspects of a problem
• - makes good decisions
• - poses problems in an optimal way
• Social
• - accepts others for what they are
• - thinks before speaking
• - sensitive to other peoples needs desires

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Giftedness

• most school districts consider children who fall
  in the upper 2-3 of the IQ distribution to be
  gifted
• stereotyped as weak, sickly, socially awkward
• Termans longitudinal study breaking the
  stereotypes
• Emily Winners study comparing gifted students
  falling from a 130-150 and profoundly intelligent
  (150-180)

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Gifted Achievement

• three ring conception of eminent giftedness
• - need these three in order to achieve new
  heights as adult
• question of those who work hard being considered
  geniuses

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Hereditary Influence on Intelligence

• b/c those that share genes probably share
  environments we must look into twin adoption
  studies
• Twins
• - compare fraternal vs. identical
• - studies prove that intelligence is inherited
• Adoptive studies
• - correlation w/ parent over .20
• Foster Care
• - those who were raised in poverty did not
  advance intellectually as other kids
• - those that were switched from fosters homes in
  poverty increased their IQ scores by 10-12 pts

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Cultural Differences

• Minority groups fall below whites by 3-15 pts
• If studies showed that genes dictates
  intelligence than are there races that are less
  intelligent?
• Minorities are often raised in lower social
  classes
• Lower class scores are below by 15 pts even when
  studying just whites

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Spearmans g theory

• Factor analysis correlations among many
  variables are analyzed to identify closely
  related clusters of variables
• G general ability
• - peoples special abilities are determined by
  their general ability
• Thurstone
• Carved mental abilities into seven factors
  primary mental abilities ( word fluency, verbal
  comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed,
  numerical ability, inductive reasoning memory)
• g should be divided into
• - fluid intelligence reasoning, memory, speed
  of info processing
• - crystalized intelligence ability to apply
  knowledge skills in problem solving skills

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