Industrialization in Russia and Japan

1
Industrialization in Russia and Japan

• AP World History
• 614

2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
Setting the Stage

• What is Russias role in the greater global
  context?
• Intellectuals and politicians remain absorbed in
  fascination of the west
• Political freedom, educational and scientific
  advances, cultural styles
• Romanticism hits home in Russia with its
  combination of folklore and nationalism
• Russian music composers begin to explore this
  idiom, and contribute to the wider musical scene

5
Setting the Stage

• Alexander I Supported conservative ideologies at
  the Congress of Vienna.

6
Setting the Stage

• Nicholas I 1825 Decembrist uprising by
  western-oriented army officers.
• Nicholas becomes more repressive
• Russia avoids the wave of revolutions which swept
  through Europe during the 1830s and 1848

7
Setting the Stage

• Russia falls behind the west industrially.
• 1854-1856 Crimean War fought on the Black Sea.
  Western forces damaged the Russian armies
  entrenched positions.
• 1855 Alexander II is convinced that it is time
  for change!

8
(No Transcript)
9
Reform under Alexander II

• For two decades, Russia engages in reform, based
  on Western standards.
• 1861 Emancipation of the serfs-serfs got a piece
  of land they used to work.
• Creates a large labor force
• Zemstvoes local political councils regulating
  roads, schools, and other regional policies.
• Literacy increases
• Increased Womens rights

10
Industrialization

• Trans-Siberian Railroad connected European
  Russia with the Pacific.
• Stimulated iron and coal industries.
• Export of grain to the West.
• Factories began to spring up throughout Russia.

11
Trans-Siberian Railroad
12
Russian (radical) Reformers

• Intelligentsia Russian term for articulate
  intellectuals as a class.
• Wanted political freedom and deep social reform.
• Wanted a different society than that in the west
  (which they saw as materialistic)
• Anarchists desired an abolition to all forms of
  government.
• Heated opposition to tsarist autocracy

13
By the 1880s

• Russias railroad network had quintupled since
  1860
• Modern Factories were in St. Petersburg and
  Moscow.
• Influx of foreign interests under Count Sergei
  Witte, Minister of Finance from 1892-1903.
• High tariffs to support Russian industry
• Encourage western investors

14
The good, the bad, and well, thats it

• The Good
• By 1900, Russia surges to 4 in the world in
  steel production
• Second only to the US in petroleum production and
  refining

• The Bad
• Russian factories were huge, but not up to
  western technical standards
• Labor force was not highly skilled
• Backwards agricultural production system
• Largely illiterate peasant class which lacks
  capital
• Lack of middle-class

15
Reformers

• By the 1870s Alexander II is pulling back on
  reforms.
• Censorship, dissidents arrested, etc.
• Alexander II is assassinated by a terrorist bomb
  in 1881
• Successors continue industrialization, but
  continue political repression as well.
• Persecution of the Jewish minority.
• Pogroms mass executions of Jews

16
Reformers

• Socialism Marxist doctrine spreads from the West
  to Russia
• Lenin claimed that a proletariat was developing
  worldwide due to the spread of international
  capitalism, in advance of growing
  industrialization.
• Bolsheviks group of Russian Marxists, who formed
  the majority party.

17
Unrest

• Working class unrest grows in the cities, aided
  by the undercurrents of socialism being pushed by
  the intelligentsia.
• Russian workers radicalize much more than western
  counterparts
• Unions, strikes
• Become interested in the equality and freedom
  of Bolshevism
• Russian government under Alexander III from
  1881-1894 remained stubbornly opposed to
  compromise

18
Nicholas II

• Emperor from 1894-1918
• The Last Imperial Emperor of Russia
• Bad fortune was predicted by mystics after the
  Khadynka Tragedy during his coronation in 1896

19
Revolution!!

• Russo-Japanese War 1904, Japan wins because
  Russia cant mobilize quickly.
• Unleashes massive protest
• Brutal repression was not well received, so
  reform follows.
• Creation of a national parliament, the DUMA

20
Revolution!

• Stolypin Reforms
• Peasants gain greater freedom
• Peasants can buy and sell land.
• Kulaks wealthy peasant farmers who owned land
  and used hired labor
• Nicholas II was unable to keep his promises of
  reform.
• Unable to surrender the autocratic tradition

21
Looking Ahead!

• Russia heads into WWI as an unstable nation on
  the brink of industrialization, and plenty of
  social pressure at home.
• It must fight in WWI to preserve diplomatic ties
• It must continue to protect its little Slavic
  Brothers
• But, the homefront is riddled with problems
• This will lead to one of the greatest (as in most
  influential) revolutions the world has ever seen!

22
1. Compare the ways in which industrialization
manifested itself in Japan and Russia.
23
2. Compare Japanese and Russian and Latin
American independence from the West.
24
JapanSetting the Stage

• Tokugawa Shogunate Strict isolationism in Japan.
• Feudal society between emperor, shogun, daimyo,
  and samurai
• Ban on western books was repealed in 1720
• Schools of Dutch studies throughout Japan around
  1850

25
Japan

• 1853 American Commodore Matthew Perry arrives
  insisting that America gain the right to trade
  with Japan.
• 1854 He returns and gains that right, and gains
  extraterritoriality

26
Japan

• Bureaucrats saw no other possibility than to open
  Japan
• Daimyo oppose this, as do many samurai.
• They appeal to the emperor (long a religious and
  ceremonial figure), rather than the shogun
• Samurai are split on their supportsome want
  change, others stress conservatism

27
Meiji Restoration

• 1866 Japanese Civil War-Samurai forces defeat
  Shogunate forces and declare Mutsuhito, or Meiji
  (Enlightened One) the new emperor.
• 1868 Meiji Restoration-A profound period of
  change in Japan that will guide Japan to becoming
  a world power into the 20th century

28
The Meiji State

• Abolishes feudalism
• Daimyo are replaced by nationally appointed
  prefects (district administrators)
• Political power was centralized
• Emperor and advisors enact economic and social
  change, quickly

29
Japan

• Samurai travel to the West and US to learn about
  economic and political reform.
• 1873-1876 Meiji Ministers enact true social
  revolution
• 1876 Samurai class is abolished.
• Constitution in 1889 establishes the Diet, or
  Parliamentary body
• Could advise government, but not control it

30
The New Government

• Modeled after the Germans
• Emperor commanded the military directly and
  directly named his ministers
• Western style clothing
• Diet could pass laws, upon agreement of both
  houses, and pass budgets
• Japanese government thus includes centralized
  Imperial Rule, combined with limited
  representative bodies copied from the West
• Japan incorporated business leaders into its
  governing structure, while Russia defended its
  traditional social elite

31
Japanese Industrial Revolution

• Create the conditions necessary for
  industrialization
• New government banks funded growing trade and
  provide capital for industry
• State-built railroads spread
• Steamships connect the islands
• Guilds and internal road tariffs are
  abolishedcreate a national market
• Land Reform

32
Japanese Industrial Revolution

• Ministry of Industry (1870)
• Maintained supervision of foreign advisories
• Set overall economic policy
• Copied established western practices, but
  adaptation made it suitable for Japan
• Zaibatsu Huge new industrial combines formed as
  a result of accumulation of capital.

33
Issues in Japanese Industrialization

• Dependence on imports of Western equipment and
  raw materials.
• Massive population growth
• Supply of low-cost labor fuels class tensions
• Education improves
• Universal education system
• Essential traditional moral education stressing
  loyalty to the Imperial House, love of country,
  filial piety, respect for superiors, faith in
  friends, charity towards inferiors, and respect
  for oneself.
• Copied Western Fashion, hygiene, calendar, but
  not Christianity

34
Japanese/Western Differences

• Position of Western Women offended the Japanese
• Maintain inferiority of Women in the home
• Standards of Japanese courtesy conflict with the
  West
• Shintoism gains followers throughout this period

35
Japanese New Imperialism

• Japan engages in imperialism at the turn of the
  20th century
• Needs natural resources
• Gives displaced samurai a way to exercise
  military talents
• Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
• Treaty of Shimonoseki April 17, 1895
• China was forced to acknowledge the complete
  independence of Korea to cede the island of
  Taiwan, the Penghu Islands, and the Liaodong
  Peninsula in northeastern China to Japan and pay
  a large indemnity.
• Concerned that the treaty would destabilize the
  colonial balance of power in East Asia, Russia,
  France, and Germany then forced a revision of the
  Treaty of Shimonoseki under which Japan had to
  renounce its claim to Liaodong.

36
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

• Russias growing strength in East Asia due to the
  construction of Trans-Siberian Railway threatened
  Japanese interests in Manchuria
• Japanese win handily by 1905
• Japanese take on Korea as protectorate in 1905
  and annex Korea in 1910

37
Friction in Japanese Society

• Clash between traditional standards and the
  young, who were more interested in western
  standards.
• Japans parliament often clashed with the
  Emperors ministers
• Dissolve Diet, then re-elect
• Assassinations

38
The Antidote to Cultural Insecurity

• National loyalty and devotion to the Emperor
• Nationalism was built on traditions of
  superiority, cohesion, and deference to rulers.
• Justified sacrifice and struggle as part of the
  national mission to preserve independence and
  dignity in the world