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Lec. 3 ???????

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Title: Ch5 Author: jimmy Last modified by: user Created Date: 8/26/2001 2:10:15 PM Document presentation format: Company – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Lec. 3 ???????


1
Lec. 3 ???????
2
  • Part 1 ????

3
????(sampling design )
  • ????????????
  • 1.???????????????
  • 2.????????????????
  • 3.???????????

4
????
  • ???????(sampling)????????
  • ????/???????,???????
  • ?????????????

5
???????
  • 1. ???(population)????????????
  • 2. ????(population parameters)??????
  • 3. ??(random)?????,???????
  • 4. ??(sample)?????????????????????,??(sampling)??
    ???????
  • 5.????(sampling unit)???????????????
  • 6. ????(sampling bias)????????????????????
  • 7. ????(sampling error)?????????????
  • 8. ??(census)?????????

6
??????
  • ?1960??,Demin???????????????,??????????????
  • ???????
  • 1.????????????????????
  • 2.?????????????

7
????????
  • 1.???(accuracy)??????????
  • ???????
  • 2. ???(precision)????????????????,?????????????,?
    ????????????????
  • ?????????????(standard error) ????,???????????

8
????
  • 1.??????????
  • 2.??????????????????
  • ??????
  • 3.?????????,????????
  • ?,??????????
  • 4.????????,?????????
  • ???

9
????
1.?????
2.?????? (??)
3.??????
4.??????
5.??????
6.??????
10
?????
  • ?????????????????
  • ??(??)????????????????
  • ???(??)???????????????????,???????????????????????
    ??

11
?????(??)
??????
???
????
????
?????
??????
????
??????
????
????
1.????
1.????
2.????
2.????
3.?????
3.???? 4. ????
12
??????
  • ????????(simple random sampling)
  • ??????(systematic sampling)
  • ??????(stratifies sampling)
  • ??????(cluster sampling)
  • ? ?????(????????????)

13
??????
  • ??????????,??????,???????????????(Homogenous)?????
    ?
  • ????
  • ??????????????????
  • ?????????????????
  • ?????????????????

14
????
  • 1.???????,????????????
  • 2. ?????1?k????????????,????k????????
  • ??????????????????
  • 3.????(sampling interval)???????????

15
????(?)
  • ????,???
  • ???????????????,?????????
  • ?????
  • ?????????
  • ????????????????

16
????
  • 1.???,????????????????,????????????,?????????????
    ?
  • 2.??????????????
  • 3.??????????????(????????),???????(??????)????????
    ???????,???????6???,????????????

17
???????
???
??
??
18
?????????
  • ?????????
  • ????????????
  • ????????????????????

19
????
  • ??????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????
    ?????
  • 1.??(cluster)???,?????????
  • 2.????????(??????)?????,?????,???????????????
  • 3.???????????????

20
???????
?????
??????
S1,S2,S3,.S8,S9,S10
??????
???
S11,S12..S19,S20
S11,S12..S19,S20
???
S21,S22..S19,S20
??????
???
S31,S32,.S39,S40
???
S31,S32,.S39,S40
S41,S42...S49,S50
??????
???
21
????????????
???? ????
1.??????????,??????????????,????????????????????? 1.????????????,??????????,?????????????????????
2.?????????,???????? 2.?????????,??????,????????
3.??????????????? 3.????????????????
22
????(????????????)
  • ??
  • ???????,?????????,??????????,????????????????????
    ?,?????????,??????????????????????????????,???????
    ?????,??????????,??????????????????,??,??????????
    ????????????
  • ??
  • ?????????,???????????,???????????????
  • ????
  • ?????????

23
???????
  • ??
  • ????????????????
  • ??
  • ?????????????(????)??????,??????????????(primary-s
    tage sampling unitspsu)
  • ???????????(????)???????????????????????(secondary
    -stage sampling unitsssu)

24
????
  • ???????????(one-stage sampling)
  • ??????N???,?????n???
  • ?????????
  • ???????????(two-stage sampling)
  • ????????N???,????n??
  • ??????,????????????
  • ???(??,??????)?

25
??????
??????
??????
S1,S2..,S39,S40
???(40?)
S1,S2..,S39,S40
S41,S42.,S99,S100
????
???(60?)
???(50?)
S101,S102,..S149,S150
????
.

.
SN1,SN2SNN
??N(56?)
SN1,SN2SNN
26
??????
??????(?????)
??????
S1,S2..,S39,S40
???(40?)
S2,S4,S6..,S38,S40
S41,S42.,S99,S100
????
???(60?)
???(50?)
S101,S102,..S149,S150
????
.

.
SN1,SN2SNN
??N(56?)
SN2,SN4SNN
27
????(?)
  • ????????????????
  • ?????(???)???,???????????
    (???)?????????????????????

28
?????
  • ????????????????????????,??????????????(purposive
    sampling) ?
  • ?????,?????,??????,????????????,?????????????

29
?????????
  • ????????(generalize)????,?????????????????
  • ???????
  • ??????????,?????????????

30
?????(?)
  • ???????
  • ??????(convenience sampling)??????
  • ??????(judgment sampling)????(purposive)??,????
    ????????,????????????????
  • ??????(quota sampling)
  • ???????(snowball sampling)
  • 1.???????????????
  • 2.?????????????????

31
????
  • ??
  • ???????????????
  • ??
  • ???
  • ???
  • ????
  • ???????????????

32
????(????,purposive sampling)
  • ??
  • ???????????????????
  • ??
  • ???????????????

33
????
  • ??
  • ?????????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ?????????
  • ??????????
  • ????
  • ????,?????

34
?????
  • ??
  • ??????????????,????????????????
  • ????
  • ????????????????????? (????,????)

35
???????
  • 1.????????????????
  • 2.???????????????????
  • 3.???????
  • 4.?????

36
???????
  • ?????? (Sampling frame)???
  • ??????????????,??????????????????????????????MI
    S????????????
  • ????????????????????,?????,??????????

37
???????(?)
  • ??????????
  • Pinsonnesult Kraemer(1993)???70?MIS????????????
    ??,??Grover??(1933)???,??58.6????????????????????
    ????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????

38
???????(?)
  • ?????????
  • ???100?200??,???????????(Flower,1984)

39
???????(?)
  • ?????????
  • 1.???????
  • 2.??????
  • 3.??????
  • 4.?????,???????
  • 5.???????,???????
  • 6. ???????,???????????,???????????
  • 7.?????????????,??????,???????????
  • 8.???????????/?????,?????????
  • 9.???????????,?????????????

40
?????????
  • ????????,Z?????,?????????95?????,? Z1.96?

-?
e
X
Z


S????? n ???????????? ?????? e????????????
41
?????????(?)
  • ????????????????n???
  • 1.????????2???
  • (1)???????2??,??????n???
  • (2)?????e??,??????n???
  • (3)????????,?z???,????
  • ??n???

42
?????????(?)
  • 2.????????2???
  • ???????2???,???????? ?????????
  • (1)??????????????
  • (2)??????????,??????
  • ???
  • (3)??????/6?

43
?????????(?)
  • 3.?????????
  • ??????e??
  • ???????????
  • where p 1 - q

e
Z (?pq/n)
Z2pq
n
e2
44
????????
  • 1.????????,??????????????????
  • 2.????????????????,??????????,?????????????

45
Part II ? ?
46
??(Measurement)???
  • ??????????????,?????????,??????,??????????????????
    ?
  • ???????????(?????)????????(??)???????
  • ????
  • ????-?????????????
  • ????(numerical system)
  • ?????????????
  • ????????????????????
  • ?????????????

47
?????(?)
  • ??-????????,????????????????????????,?????
  • ??????????????,???????????,IQ???
  • ??????????
  • (1)????? ????????,????????
  • (2)????? ??????,????
    ??????ECV(?????????)

48
?????(?)
  • ??
  • ?????????
  • ?????(1)???????
  • (2)?????????????
  • ?????
  • (1)???????????
  • 1.??/?? 2.?? 3.?? 4.???
  • (2)???????????????
  • 1.??? 2.??? 3.?? 4.?????
  • (3)???????
  • 1.05? 2.610? 3.1115? 4.16???
  • (4)?????????
  • 1.???? 2.???? 3.???? 4.????

49
??????
  • ??????????????
  • ?????0100????
  • ???????????????

50
??????
????????
????
??????
????
?????M ?????F
?????5 ???4 ????3 ????2 ??????1
(1-5)
51
???????
  • ??(nominal)?????????????????,????, ?????
  • ??(ordinal)?????????????,???????????????????5 gt
    4,?5 4 ? 1???,?????Likert??????????,???15?,????
    -22?,????????????????????

52
???????(?)
  • ??(interval)????????????,??????????????,???????,?
    ??????0(???,????????,??,?????)???5-41, ?4?22?
  • ????3??6??????????4??7?,???6?????3????
  • ??(ratio)????????????,????????????,?????????,42
    2,????,??,??,????

53
??????????
????? ????? ?????
???? ??(counting) ????????? ???????????
???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
???? ??????????? ??????????????
???? ??????????? ????????????
54
????
  • ????
  • ??? ??????????
  • ??? ??????????
  • ???? ??????,??????????
  • ???? ???????????????

55
?????????
  • a-gt????? A-gt????

??A
???ECV?????
??A
??? ???
??? ???
??A
??A
??? ???
??? ???
56
?????????
  • a,b-gt????

????????????
??A
??B
a
b
a
b
??A
??B
b
a
57
????
  • ?????
  • ?????????????????
  • ???????????????????
  • ????(X) ????(T) ????(E)
  • ????
  • ????????????????????

58
????(?)
  • ???????
  • ?????????????????????
  • ?????(systemtic errors)????????,??????????????
    ???????????????????????,???????????????????????,??
    ???????????????,??????
  • ????????????????(????????)?????(??????????????)
    ??????(???????)?????

59
????(?)
  • ?????
  • ??????????????????????
  • ?????
  • ?????
  • ????
  • ?????
  • ???????
  • ?????????
  • ??????
  • ????????????????????????????

60
??
  • ????????,??????(?????)
  • ????????,??????????(?????)
  • ??????????,???????(?????)

61
?????????
  • ?????
  • ????????(????)????????????,????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????

62
???????
  • ????
  • ??????????
  • ?????
  • ??,???????????????????????????????????
  • ???????
  • ???????,??????????
  • ??????????

63
???????
  • ??????
  • ????????(??????)?????(????)?????(??????)?
  • ??????,???????????(???????)??????
  • ?????????????

64
?????????
  • ??(validity)?????????????,?????? ????
  • ??(reliability)?????????????
  • ???(sensitivity)??????,???????
  • ???(practicality)?????????????????

65
??(scale)???
  • ???????(scaling),?????????,??????????????(property
    )??????,??????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ?????????????????????????(indicant ,item,
    manifested)??????/??????

66
?????????
  • ??
  • ??????????
  • ????????????????
  • ?????
  • ????(categorical scale), (????,rating scale)
  • ????(comparative scale) ,(????,ranking scale)
  • ?????
  • ?????????
  • ?????????

67
?????????(?)
  • ?????
  • ?????
  • ??????
  • ?????
  • ???????
  • ??????
  • ????(consensus scale)
  • ????(cumulative scale)
  • ????(factor scale)

68
????(rating scale)1
  • ?????

???????????,????????????
  • ??
  • ??????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????

69
????(rating scale)2
  • ???????????????,?????????????????

70
????(rating scale)3
  • ????????
  • ????
  • ???????????????
  • ?????????
  • ???????????????????,????????

71
?????????1
  • ??????????????????
  • ????????
  • ?????????(leniency)
  • ???????????,??????????,???????
  • ??????????????,??,??????????(?-??-?-??-??)

72
?????????2
  • ????(central tendency)
  • ????
  • ?????????
  • ??????????????
  • ??????????????
  • ????????
  • ????(halo effect)??????????????????,?????????????
    ,??????????
  • ??????????????????????????

73
??
  • ???????????
  • ??12?
  • ??15?
  • ??18?
  • ?????? ? ?

74
????(ranking scale)
  • ????,????????????????????
  • ????????????
  • ??????,??????????,40???A,30???B,30???C???A????
    ?(60?????A)
  • ????
  • ?????(method of paired comparisons)
  • ?????(method of rank order)
  • ?????(successive intervals)

75
?????
  • ????????????
  • ?????
  • ??????????15?(105???)
  • ????????????????,???????????????,?????????????????
    ??

76
???????
  • 200?????????????????????

77
?????
  • ??????????????????
  • ??????????????,???????,????????z??Ri??????
  • ??
  • ??,??
  • ??
  • ????????10??,????????????
  • ????????????????????

78
?????
  • ????(???????)????????????????,????????????????

79
?????????
  • ?????(arbitrary scale)
  • ??? (Likert) ??
  • ????Thurstone ?? (scale)
  • ??????(semantic differential scale)
  • ????Guttman ??

80
?????
  • ???????????????,???????????????,?????????
  • ??
  • ????,????,???????????
  • ??
  • ?????????????????
  • ????????????????????????
  • ??,????????Maslow????????

81
???????
  • ????????

1. ??????? ? ? 2.
??????????? ? ? 3.
???????????? ? ? 4. ????????
? ?
  • ??????????
  • ?????????
  • ?????????
  • ???????????????
  • ???????????????

82
Likert ??
  • ??????????(summated rating scale)
  • ?????????????????????????????,?????????????
  • ???????????????/??????????,???????????????(????)?
    ???????????,???????????????,????????????????,?????
    ???????
  • ?????????????lt??,?1??
  • ???????,?5????????gt?

83
Likert ??????
????????????????????,????? (statement) ??????
(item),??????????? ?????????,??????????????????
(??) ????????? (item analysis)
???????????,???????????????? ????????????????????
????????????,?????
84
Likert ????
85
Likert ??????
  • ???????????,?????????????????????????????,????????
    ?,?????????????????,?????????????????
  • ????
  • (1) ????? correlation analysis(????,Rti ?)
  • (2) ??????? correlation of internal consistency
    (CR?)

86
????Rti
  • ??????????????(???Rti??),???????????,???????,?????
    ????????????,??????,?????

87
?????????
  • ??????????????????????,?????????????25????,??????
    ?,????25???????????????????(?)???????????????????
    ????,????????????
  • ????????????????,???????

88
???(critical ratio,CR)
  • ???(critical ratio,CR)(Green, 1954 Edwards,
    1957)
  • ??????(?)?????????????t???

89
??
  • ????????????,??10???,?????32??
  • ?????????10????????
  • ??????
  • ??????25??(8?)?????????25?(8?)?????
  • ?????????????
  • ??CR??
  • ???????????

90
Thurstone ??
  • ?????(consensus)???,?? L.L.Thurstone ? E. J.
    Chave(1929) ???
  • ?????(???50???)?????????????
  • (1) ?????????
  • (2) ??????lt??????????????gt
  • (3) ??????????
  • ???????????????lt??gt
  • ??????????????????????????,??????????

91
Thurstone??
  • Thurstone????????????,??????,?????????????????????
    ??????,????????(????)????????(Q3-Q1?????)

92
Thurstone??
  • ???11?????(1????????,11???????)
  • ????????????12?18??
  • ??????12?18?,???????????(????)???????????????????

93
Thurstone??
  • ??Thurstone scale ?????????????????????????1?11??
    ?(?111??????),????????????????
  • ???????,????????2?3????????????,?????2?3?????2?3??
    ????????????????????

94
Thurstone ????
95
Likert???Thurstone????????
  • Likert?????????
  • Thurstone?????????????
  • ???????????????Likert??,???????
  • Likert????????,?Cronbachs alpha??????Thurstone???
    ???????,????????????
  • Likert???????????

96
??????
  • ? Osgood(1957) ??,???????????????lt???????gt
  • ???????????????????,??????????,?????? (semantic
    space)?
  • ?????????????????,???????
  • (1) ??????????,??????????????
  • ???????????,???????????
  • (2) ?????????????,?????????????
  • (3) ??????????????????????????
  • ?????

97
??????
  • ????????????????????????????????...????
  • ?????????

98
???????????
  • ?????(????),?????????,?????????,??????????,????1?7
    ?????,???????
  • ???????????????,?????(??)?????
  • ??????,???(??)???????,????????????

99
????????
100
Guttman ??
  • ?????????????????????,? Guttman
    ??????????????????? ??????????(?????????????,???
    ??????)?
  • ?????? (cumulative scale) ????
  • ???????????????lt??gt???,??????????????????(????????
    ???)???
  • ?????????????????????

101
Guttman??????
  • ??????????????????????
  • ??????(2030?)????(pre-test),????80??????????????
    ??????????,??3?6???? (????????????)
  • ???,??100?????????3?6??????
  • ????????,?????????CR??,?????????(Coefficient of
    reproducibility,?CR??0.8???,?????????????????????
    ?

102
Guttman ????
  • ????????????????,??????
  • ???????,????????????????
  • ????????????,???????????
  • ???lt??6-6??gt,???????????
  • ??lt??6-6??gt?

103
????(coefficient of reproducibility,CR)
  • e?????
  • n?????
  • N??????

???CR1-(44/3?100)0.853 ????0.80,????????????????
?????(????) ?
104
??
  • ??(Scale)????(reliability)???(validity)????,??????
    ????????(measurement error)???
  • ???????,????????,????,??????????????????
  • ??????????????,??????????????(?????????????)??????
    ??
  • ?????????????,?????,?????
  • ????
  • ????(criterion-related)??
  • ????

105
????
  • ??(content)??????(????)????????,?????????????????
    ???,?????????????????(??)????????
  • 1.??(sampling)??????????????
  • ????????????????,????
  • (item)???????????
  • 2.??(face)????????????,???
  • ????,?????????,??????
  • ?????????????,???????
  • ???

106
??????
  • ????(criterion-related)??,????????????,???????????
    ?????????????????????????????????,????????????????
    ??????????????,???????????(concurrent)?????(predic
    tive)???

107
??????(?)
  • 1.??(concurrent)??????????????
  • ????????,?????????????
  • (???)????????,????????
  • ?????????????????(??)
  • ?????????????????,????
  • ???,?r????,??????????
  • (??)??????
  • ??,?????????(?????)??????????(???)??,????????,????
    ??????????????????????????

108
??????(?)
  • 2.??(predictive)?????????????
  • ?????,???????????(??)
  • ????????????????????,
  • ???????,?r????,???????
  • ???(??)????????,?????????????

109
????
  • ??(construct)???????????????????????,?????????????
    ??
  • ???????????????????????????
  • ??????????
  • ??(convergent)??
  • ??(discriminant)??

110
????
  • ?????????????????,???????????,?????????(?????),??
    ???(??)???(????????????)??????
  • ???????????????,??????,?????(trait),?????

111
????
  • ?????????????????????????????.
  • ????????????,??????????????????????,?????????,????
    ????,??????????????????????

112
????
  • ??????????????(items),???????
  • ???????????????,??????,?????,???????
  • ?????????????????,???????????????????????0.50(???1
    ),??,???????????????????????(??0)?

113
?????????
  • ???????????????????????
  • (1)????
  • (2)?????????????????,???????????????????????????
  • (3)??????(multi-traits multi-methods, MTMM)

114
????
  • ????????????????????r?,??r?????(p?)???????,??????p
    ???,??????????????,????r???????????????(???????plt0
    .05????),?????????????
  • ??6-7??????????,???6???,??15?????????P?,????14?p??
    ?0.05????,??(14/15)???????????????
  • ???,?????????,?6-7??r???????,????????????p????(?pgt
    0.05)?????,??????????????

115
?6-7 ??????????????p?
116
????
  • ???????(factor analysis)?????????????,????????????
    ???(factor loading)?????????????????,??????????(??
    ?0.5???????????,????????????????),?????????
  • ?6-8?????????????????????????????????,????????????
    ????0.5,?????????????????
  • ???,?????????,??????????????,??????0.5????????,???
    ????????,???????????

117
?6-8 ??????????
118
??????
  • ?????????(multi-traits multi-methods,
    MTMM)???????????????????????????,????????(?????v
    s.????? ???????????????? ),???????????(???)???????
    ??(????)???(????)???????????,??????????????????,??
    ????????

119
??????(?)
  • ??,?????????????????????????????,????15????,??????
    ????????????????????????,??????6-9??,??,?? A
    ???????,?? B ???????,?? C ?????????

120
?6-9 ?15?????????????????????????
121
??????
????(??1) ????(??1) ????(??1) ????(??2) ????(??2) ????(??2) ????(??3) ????(??3) ????(??3)
?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
?? A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
????(??1) A1 0.98
????(??1) B1 0.40 0.98
????(??1) C1 -.94 -047 0.87
????(??2) A2 0.95 0.10 -.89 0.96
????(??2) B2 0.35 0.99 -.48 0.07 0.97
????(??2) C2 -.93 -.67 0.97 -.80 -.65 0.95
????(??3) A3 0.94 0.11 -.90 0.99 0.08 -.80 0.94
????(??3) B3 0.37 0.97 -.51 0.11 0.99 -.67 0.12 0.99
????(??3) C3 -.93 -.65 0.96 -.81 -.63 0.99 -.81 -.64 0.96
122
??????
  • ??plt0.05
  • ???????(r????)
  • ???????(?????????,r?????)
  • ???????(?????????,r?????)
  • ???????????,r????

123
????????
  • ?????????????,???????????
  • ?????????????,??????
  • ?????????,??????????,????(????????)???,??????????
    ???????
  • ???????????,?????????????
  • ??????????,??????????????????????????????????????
    ?????????(???)????????????????????????????

124
???????
  • ?????????????????????(????)
  • ?????????,????????????(????)
  • ???????,???????????(????)???,???????????(??)??

125
???????
  • ???????
  • ???????????????,????????????????,???????????????
  • ???????,??? , ? ,???,?????,??????
  • ??(moderator)???????????????????,????????????????
    ????????????????

126
??????
?? ???? ????
???? ????????????????? ????????????????
?????? ??????????????? ????
???? ?????????????? ????
???? ?????????????? ????
???? ?????????????????????????????? ????,????,????,?????????
127
??
  • ??(reliability)????????????????(variable
    errors)????
  • ????????????,??????????????????(??)?????????????
  • ?????????????(true score)??????????(obtained
    scores)??????
  • ??,x??????,t????,e?????????????????????????

128
???????
  • ??????????,????????????r???????????????????????
  • ???(equivalence)?
  • ???(stability)?
  • ???(consistency)?

129
???
  • ??????????,??????????????(equivalent
    forms)???????
  • ?????????
  • ????(alternate forms)???????????,??????????,?????
    ??????????(?????)????????,???????????????????????
    ????????????????????,???????????????
  • ????(split-half)??????????????,????(???????),????
    ????????????

130
???
  • ?????????,???????,????????,??????????????
  • ??????(test-retest)????????????,??????????????,???
    ???????????
  • ??????---?????---??????????????
  • ???????,?Pearson????(r?)?

131
???
  • ????????????????????????,???????(item)??????????
  • ??????????????????Cronbachs a??????
  • 1.???????(split-half reliability),???????????
    ?????,????????????????,?????????????,?????????Pear
    son r ???????????????????????(???1?,???0?)

132
???(?)
  • ??(Kuder-Richardson)?????????????????????????,???
    1?,???0????,??????????????(???????)????????20???21
    ??
  • ??20
  • ??,k??????, ????????,p????????(??????),
    q1-p(????????), pq?????????????????????

133
???(?)
  • ????????5??,?30???(??6-11),??????2.5,
    pq1.09,???????,??
  • ???,??21????
  • ??,k??????, ????????,M???????

134
???(?)
?6-11 ????5??
?? ???? P q pq
15 15/300.5 1-p0.5 0.25 10 10/300.33 1-0.330.67 0.22 12 12/300.4 1-0.40.6 0.24 20 20/300.67 1-0.670.33 0.22 6 6/300.20 1-0.20.8 0.16
135
???(?)
  • Cronbachs a??????????????????????????????(?????
    ?)?
  • ???????????????????????, Cronbachs ?
    ???????????(????????????)???
  • Cronbachs
  • ??,k??????, ????????, ?????????????,
    ???Cronbachsa???,????????????????, ?? ?

136
???????
  • ??????,Cronbachs a??????0.5,???agt0.7(Nunnally,
    1978)
  • ??????????????,?85?????a???0.5,?69??a???0.7

137
???????
?6-13 ?????????
?? ?? ??(Scale) ???? ???? ???? ???
1.??? ?? ??Scale ?? ?? ?? ??
2.??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??items ??
3.??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????
4.??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??
138
???????
  • ??????????????,??????,??????????????????
  • ????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????
  • ????????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????
  • ???????????????,????????????,?????????

139
????????????
?? ???? ????
1.???(???) ???????????,?????????IQ??? ????????,???????
2.???(???) ??????????? ??????????????????????,???????
3.???? ??,?????????????1?,???0?????????,??????IQ??????,Chronbachs a??????????????(??)???????????
140
???????
  • ?????,??
  • ?? ,?
  • ???,?? ??- ,????????
  • ?? lt
  • ?????????,????-gt???(?p?q???)?????,???????????????
    ????????????

141
????????????????(Subhash Sharma,1996)1
  • ??(metric)??
  • ????
  • ????
  • ???(nonmetric)??
  • ????
  • ????

142
????????????????(Subhash Sharma,1996)2
???
?? ?? ???? ????
?? ??? ?? ???
???? ??(Regression) ????(Discriminant analysis) ?????(Logistic Regression) ????(Canonical Correlation) ?????(Multiple Discriminant Analysis,MDA)
????? t-test ???(discrete)???? MANOVA ???MDA
?????? ???(Multiple Regression) ???? ????? ???? MDA
??????? ANOVA ??????? ????(Conjoint Analysis MANOVA ???MDA
???
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