Title: Lec. 3 ???????
1Lec. 3 ???????
2 3????(sampling design )
- ????????????
- 1.???????????????
- 2.????????????????
- 3.???????????
4????
- ???????(sampling)????????
- ????/???????,???????
- ?????????????
5???????
- 1. ???(population)????????????
- 2. ????(population parameters)??????
- 3. ??(random)?????,???????
- 4. ??(sample)?????????????????????,??(sampling)??
??????? - 5.????(sampling unit)???????????????
- 6. ????(sampling bias)????????????????????
- 7. ????(sampling error)?????????????
- 8. ??(census)?????????
6??????
- ?1960??,Demin???????????????,??????????????
- ???????
- 1.????????????????????
- 2.?????????????
7????????
- 1.???(accuracy)??????????
- ???????
- 2. ???(precision)????????????????,?????????????,?
???????????????? - ?????????????(standard error) ????,???????????
8????
- 1.??????????
- 2.??????????????????
- ??????
- 3.?????????,????????
- ?,??????????
- 4.????????,?????????
- ???
9????
1.?????
2.?????? (??)
3.??????
4.??????
5.??????
6.??????
10?????
- ?????????????????
- ??(??)????????????????
- ???(??)???????????????????,???????????????????????
??
11?????(??)
??????
???
????
????
?????
??????
????
??????
????
????
1.????
1.????
2.????
2.????
3.?????
3.???? 4. ????
12??????
- ????????(simple random sampling)
- ??????(systematic sampling)
- ??????(stratifies sampling)
- ??????(cluster sampling)
- ? ?????(????????????)
-
13??????
- ??????????,??????,???????????????(Homogenous)?????
? - ????
- ??????????????????
- ?????????????????
- ?????????????????
14????
- 1.???????,????????????
- 2. ?????1?k????????????,????k????????
- ??????????????????
- 3.????(sampling interval)???????????
15????(?)
- ????,???
- ???????????????,?????????
- ?????
- ?????????
- ????????????????
16????
- 1.???,????????????????,????????????,?????????????
? - 2.??????????????
- 3.??????????????(????????),???????(??????)????????
???????,???????6???,????????????
17???????
???
??
??
18?????????
- ?????????
- ????????????
- ????????????????????
19????
- ??????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????
????? - 1.??(cluster)???,?????????
- 2.????????(??????)?????,?????,???????????????
- 3.???????????????
20???????
?????
??????
S1,S2,S3,.S8,S9,S10
??????
???
S11,S12..S19,S20
S11,S12..S19,S20
???
S21,S22..S19,S20
??????
???
S31,S32,.S39,S40
???
S31,S32,.S39,S40
S41,S42...S49,S50
??????
???
21????????????
???? ????
1.??????????,??????????????,????????????????????? 1.????????????,??????????,?????????????????????
2.?????????,???????? 2.?????????,??????,????????
3.??????????????? 3.????????????????
22????(????????????)
- ??
- ???????,?????????,??????????,????????????????????
?,?????????,??????????????????????????????,???????
?????,??????????,??????????????????,??,??????????
???????????? - ??
- ?????????,???????????,???????????????
- ????
- ?????????
23???????
- ??
- ????????????????
- ??
- ?????????????(????)??????,??????????????(primary-s
tage sampling unitspsu) - ???????????(????)???????????????????????(secondary
-stage sampling unitsssu)
24????
- ???????????(one-stage sampling)
- ??????N???,?????n???
- ?????????
- ???????????(two-stage sampling)
- ????????N???,????n??
- ??????,????????????
- ???(??,??????)?
25??????
??????
??????
S1,S2..,S39,S40
???(40?)
S1,S2..,S39,S40
S41,S42.,S99,S100
????
???(60?)
???(50?)
S101,S102,..S149,S150
????
.
.
SN1,SN2SNN
??N(56?)
SN1,SN2SNN
26??????
??????(?????)
??????
S1,S2..,S39,S40
???(40?)
S2,S4,S6..,S38,S40
S41,S42.,S99,S100
????
???(60?)
???(50?)
S101,S102,..S149,S150
????
.
.
SN1,SN2SNN
??N(56?)
SN2,SN4SNN
27????(?)
- ????????????????
- ?????(???)???,???????????
(???)?????????????????????
28?????
- ????????????????????????,??????????????(purposive
sampling) ? - ?????,?????,??????,????????????,?????????????
29?????????
- ????????(generalize)????,?????????????????
- ???????
- ??????????,?????????????
30?????(?)
- ???????
- ??????(convenience sampling)??????
- ??????(judgment sampling)????(purposive)??,????
????????,???????????????? - ??????(quota sampling)
- ???????(snowball sampling)
- 1.???????????????
- 2.?????????????????
31????
- ??
- ???????????????
- ??
- ???
- ???
- ????
- ???????????????
32????(????,purposive sampling)
- ??
- ???????????????????
- ??
- ???????????????
33????
- ??
- ?????????????????
- ??????????????
- ?????????
- ??????????
- ????
- ????,?????
34?????
- ??
- ??????????????,????????????????
- ????
- ????????????????????? (????,????)
35???????
- 1.????????????????
- 2.???????????????????
- 3.???????
- 4.?????
36???????
- ?????? (Sampling frame)???
- ??????????????,??????????????????????????????MI
S???????????? - ????????????????????,?????,??????????
37???????(?)
- ??????????
- Pinsonnesult Kraemer(1993)???70?MIS????????????
??,??Grover??(1933)???,??58.6????????????????????
????????????,???????????????????????,?????????????
38???????(?)
- ?????????
- ???100?200??,???????????(Flower,1984)
39???????(?)
- ?????????
- 1.???????
- 2.??????
- 3.??????
- 4.?????,???????
- 5.???????,???????
- 6. ???????,???????????,???????????
- 7.?????????????,??????,???????????
- 8.???????????/?????,?????????
- 9.???????????,?????????????
40?????????
- ????????,Z?????,?????????95?????,? Z1.96?
-?
e
X
Z
S????? n ???????????? ?????? e????????????
41?????????(?)
- ????????????????n???
- 1.????????2???
- (1)???????2??,??????n???
- (2)?????e??,??????n???
- (3)????????,?z???,????
- ??n???
42?????????(?)
- 2.????????2???
- ???????2???,???????? ?????????
- (1)??????????????
- (2)??????????,??????
- ???
- (3)??????/6?
43?????????(?)
- 3.?????????
- ??????e??
-
- ???????????
- where p 1 - q
e
Z (?pq/n)
Z2pq
n
e2
44????????
- 1.????????,??????????????????
- 2.????????????????,??????????,?????????????
45Part II ? ?
46??(Measurement)???
- ??????????????,?????????,??????,??????????????????
? - ???????????(?????)????????(??)???????
- ????
- ????-?????????????
- ????(numerical system)
- ?????????????
- ????????????????????
- ?????????????
47?????(?)
- ??-????????,????????????????????????,?????
- ??????????????,???????????,IQ???
- ??????????
- (1)????? ????????,????????
- (2)????? ??????,????
??????ECV(?????????)
48?????(?)
- ??
- ?????????
- ?????(1)???????
- (2)?????????????
- ?????
- (1)???????????
- 1.??/?? 2.?? 3.?? 4.???
- (2)???????????????
- 1.??? 2.??? 3.?? 4.?????
- (3)???????
- 1.05? 2.610? 3.1115? 4.16???
- (4)?????????
- 1.???? 2.???? 3.???? 4.????
49??????
- ??????????????
- ?????0100????
- ???????????????
50??????
????????
????
??????
????
?????M ?????F
?????5 ???4 ????3 ????2 ??????1
(1-5)
51???????
- ??(nominal)?????????????????,????, ?????
- ??(ordinal)?????????????,???????????????????5 gt
4,?5 4 ? 1???,?????Likert??????????,???15?,????
-22?,????????????????????
52???????(?)
- ??(interval)????????????,??????????????,???????,?
??????0(???,????????,??,?????)???5-41, ?4?22? - ????3??6??????????4??7?,???6?????3????
- ??(ratio)????????????,????????????,?????????,42
2,????,??,??,????
53??????????
????? ????? ?????
???? ??(counting) ????????? ???????????
???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
???? ??????????? ??????????????
???? ??????????? ????????????
54????
- ????
- ??? ??????????
- ??? ??????????
- ???? ??????,??????????
- ???? ???????????????
55?????????
??A
???ECV?????
??A
??? ???
??? ???
??A
??A
??? ???
??? ???
56?????????
????????????
??A
??B
a
b
a
b
??A
??B
b
a
57????
- ?????
- ?????????????????
- ???????????????????
- ????(X) ????(T) ????(E)
- ????
- ????????????????????
58????(?)
- ???????
- ?????????????????????
- ?????(systemtic errors)????????,??????????????
???????????????????????,???????????????????????,??
???????????????,?????? - ????????????????(????????)?????(??????????????)
??????(???????)?????
59????(?)
- ?????
- ??????????????????????
- ?????
- ?????
- ????
- ?????
- ???????
- ?????????
- ??????
- ????????????????????????????
60??
- ????????,??????(?????)
- ????????,??????????(?????)
- ??????????,???????(?????)
61?????????
- ?????
- ????????(????)????????????,????????????
- ?????????????????????????????????
62???????
- ????
- ??????????
- ?????
- ??,???????????????????????????????????
- ???????
- ???????,??????????
- ??????????
63???????
- ??????
- ????????(??????)?????(????)?????(??????)?
- ??????,???????????(???????)??????
- ?????????????
64?????????
- ??(validity)?????????????,?????? ????
- ??(reliability)?????????????
- ???(sensitivity)??????,???????
- ???(practicality)?????????????????
65??(scale)???
- ???????(scaling),?????????,??????????????(property
)??????,?????????????? - ??????????????
- ?????????????????????????(indicant ,item,
manifested)??????/??????
66?????????
- ??
- ??????????
- ????????????????
- ?????
- ????(categorical scale), (????,rating scale)
- ????(comparative scale) ,(????,ranking scale)
- ?????
- ?????????
- ?????????
67?????????(?)
- ???????
- ??????
- ????(consensus scale)
- ????(cumulative scale)
- ????(factor scale)
68????(rating scale)1
???????????,????????????
- ??
- ??????????????
- ?????????????????????????????
- ?????????????????????
69????(rating scale)2
- ???????????????,?????????????????
70????(rating scale)3
- ????????
- ????
- ???????????????
- ?????????
- ???????????????????,????????
71?????????1
- ??????????????????
- ????????
- ?????????(leniency)
- ???????????,??????????,???????
- ??????????????,??,??????????(?-??-?-??-??)
72?????????2
- ????(central tendency)
- ????
- ?????????
- ??????????????
- ??????????????
- ????????
- ????(halo effect)??????????????????,?????????????
,?????????? - ??????????????????????????
73??
- ???????????
- ??12?
- ??15?
- ??18?
- ?????? ? ?
74????(ranking scale)
- ????,????????????????????
- ????????????
- ??????,??????????,40???A,30???B,30???C???A????
?(60?????A) - ????
- ?????(method of paired comparisons)
- ?????(method of rank order)
- ?????(successive intervals)
75?????
- ????????????
- ?????
- ??????????15?(105???)
- ????????????????,???????????????,?????????????????
??
76???????
77?????
- ??????????????????
- ??????????????,???????,????????z??Ri??????
- ??
- ??,??
- ??
- ????????10??,????????????
- ????????????????????
78?????
- ????(???????)????????????????,????????????????
79?????????
- ?????(arbitrary scale)
- ??? (Likert) ??
- ????Thurstone ?? (scale)
- ??????(semantic differential scale)
- ????Guttman ??
80?????
- ???????????????,???????????????,?????????
- ??
- ????,????,???????????
- ??
- ?????????????????
- ????????????????????????
- ??,????????Maslow????????
81???????
1. ??????? ? ? 2.
??????????? ? ? 3.
???????????? ? ? 4. ????????
? ?
- ??????????
- ?????????
- ?????????
- ???????????????
- ???????????????
82Likert ??
- ??????????(summated rating scale)
- ?????????????????????????????,?????????????
- ???????????????/??????????,???????????????(????)?
???????????,???????????????,????????????????,?????
??????? - ?????????????lt??,?1??
- ???????,?5????????gt?
83Likert ??????
????????????????????,????? (statement) ??????
(item),??????????? ?????????,??????????????????
(??) ????????? (item analysis)
???????????,???????????????? ????????????????????
????????????,?????
84 Likert ????
85Likert ??????
- ???????????,?????????????????????????????,????????
?,?????????????????,????????????????? - ????
- (1) ????? correlation analysis(????,Rti ?)
- (2) ??????? correlation of internal consistency
(CR?)
86????Rti
- ??????????????(???Rti??),???????????,???????,?????
????????????,??????,?????
87?????????
- ??????????????????????,?????????????25????,??????
?,????25???????????????????(?)???????????????????
????,???????????? - ????????????????,???????
88???(critical ratio,CR)
- ???(critical ratio,CR)(Green, 1954 Edwards,
1957) - ??????(?)?????????????t???
89??
- ????????????,??10???,?????32??
- ?????????10????????
- ??????
- ??????25??(8?)?????????25?(8?)?????
- ?????????????
- ??CR??
- ???????????
90Thurstone ??
- ?????(consensus)???,?? L.L.Thurstone ? E. J.
Chave(1929) ??? - ?????(???50???)?????????????
- (1) ?????????
- (2) ??????lt??????????????gt
- (3) ??????????
- ???????????????lt??gt
- ??????????????????????????,??????????
91Thurstone??
- Thurstone????????????,??????,?????????????????????
??????,????????(????)????????(Q3-Q1?????)
92Thurstone??
- ???11?????(1????????,11???????)
- ????????????12?18??
- ??????12?18?,???????????(????)???????????????????
93 Thurstone??
- ??Thurstone scale ?????????????????????????1?11??
?(?111??????),???????????????? - ???????,????????2?3????????????,?????2?3?????2?3??
????????????????????
94 Thurstone ????
95Likert???Thurstone????????
- Likert?????????
- Thurstone?????????????
- ???????????????Likert??,???????
- Likert????????,?Cronbachs alpha??????Thurstone???
???????,???????????? - Likert???????????
96??????
- ? Osgood(1957) ??,???????????????lt???????gt
- ???????????????????,??????????,?????? (semantic
space)? - ?????????????????,???????
- (1) ??????????,??????????????
- ???????????,???????????
- (2) ?????????????,?????????????
- (3) ??????????????????????????
- ?????
97??????
- ????????????????????????????????...????
- ?????????
98???????????
- ?????(????),?????????,?????????,??????????,????1?7
?????,??????? - ???????????????,?????(??)?????
- ??????,???(??)???????,????????????
99 ????????
100Guttman ??
- ?????????????????????,? Guttman
??????????????????? ??????????(?????????????,???
??????)? - ?????? (cumulative scale) ????
- ???????????????lt??gt???,??????????????????(????????
???)??? - ?????????????????????
101Guttman??????
- ??????????????????????
- ??????(2030?)????(pre-test),????80??????????????
??????????,??3?6???? (????????????) - ???,??100?????????3?6??????
- ????????,?????????CR??,?????????(Coefficient of
reproducibility,?CR??0.8???,?????????????????????
?
102 Guttman ????
- ????????????????,??????
- ???????,????????????????
- ????????????,???????????
- ???lt??6-6??gt,???????????
- ??lt??6-6??gt?
103????(coefficient of reproducibility,CR)
???CR1-(44/3?100)0.853 ????0.80,????????????????
?????(????) ?
104??
- ??(Scale)????(reliability)???(validity)????,??????
????????(measurement error)??? - ???????,????????,????,??????????????????
- ??????????????,??????????????(?????????????)??????
?? - ?????????????,?????,?????
- ????
- ????(criterion-related)??
- ????
105????
- ??(content)??????(????)????????,?????????????????
???,?????????????????(??)???????? - 1.??(sampling)??????????????
- ????????????????,????
- (item)???????????
- 2.??(face)????????????,???
- ????,?????????,??????
- ?????????????,???????
- ???
106??????
- ????(criterion-related)??,????????????,???????????
?????????????????????????????????,????????????????
??????????????,???????????(concurrent)?????(predic
tive)???
107??????(?)
- 1.??(concurrent)??????????????
- ????????,?????????????
- (???)????????,????????
- ?????????????????(??)
- ?????????????????,????
- ???,?r????,??????????
- (??)??????
- ??,?????????(?????)??????????(???)??,????????,????
??????????????????????????
108??????(?)
- 2.??(predictive)?????????????
- ?????,???????????(??)
- ????????????????????,
- ???????,?r????,???????
- ???(??)????????,?????????????
109????
- ??(construct)???????????????????????,?????????????
?? - ???????????????????????????
- ??????????
- ??(convergent)??
- ??(discriminant)??
110????
- ?????????????????,???????????,?????????(?????),??
???(??)???(????????????)?????? - ???????????????,??????,?????(trait),?????
111????
- ?????????????????????????????.
- ????????????,??????????????????????,?????????,????
????,??????????????????????
112????
- ??????????????(items),???????
- ???????????????,??????,?????,???????
- ?????????????????,???????????????????????0.50(???1
),??,???????????????????????(??0)?
113?????????
- ???????????????????????
- (1)????
- (2)?????????????????,???????????????????????????
- (3)??????(multi-traits multi-methods, MTMM)
114????
- ????????????????????r?,??r?????(p?)???????,??????p
???,??????????????,????r???????????????(???????plt0
.05????),????????????? - ??6-7??????????,???6???,??15?????????P?,????14?p??
?0.05????,??(14/15)??????????????? - ???,?????????,?6-7??r???????,????????????p????(?pgt
0.05)?????,??????????????
115?6-7 ??????????????p?
116????
- ???????(factor analysis)?????????????,????????????
???(factor loading)?????????????????,??????????(??
?0.5???????????,????????????????),????????? - ?6-8?????????????????????????????????,????????????
????0.5,????????????????? - ???,?????????,??????????????,??????0.5????????,???
????????,???????????
117?6-8 ??????????
118??????
- ?????????(multi-traits multi-methods,
MTMM)???????????????????????????,????????(?????v
s.????? ???????????????? ),???????????(???)???????
??(????)???(????)???????????,??????????????????,??
????????
119??????(?)
- ??,?????????????????????????????,????15????,??????
????????????????????????,??????6-9??,??,?? A
???????,?? B ???????,?? C ?????????
120?6-9 ?15?????????????????????????
121??????
????(??1) ????(??1) ????(??1) ????(??2) ????(??2) ????(??2) ????(??3) ????(??3) ????(??3)
?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
?? A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
????(??1) A1 0.98
????(??1) B1 0.40 0.98
????(??1) C1 -.94 -047 0.87
????(??2) A2 0.95 0.10 -.89 0.96
????(??2) B2 0.35 0.99 -.48 0.07 0.97
????(??2) C2 -.93 -.67 0.97 -.80 -.65 0.95
????(??3) A3 0.94 0.11 -.90 0.99 0.08 -.80 0.94
????(??3) B3 0.37 0.97 -.51 0.11 0.99 -.67 0.12 0.99
????(??3) C3 -.93 -.65 0.96 -.81 -.63 0.99 -.81 -.64 0.96
122??????
- ??plt0.05
- ???????(r????)
- ???????(?????????,r?????)
- ???????(?????????,r?????)
- ???????????,r????
123????????
- ?????????????,???????????
- ?????????????,??????
- ?????????,??????????,????(????????)???,??????????
??????? - ???????????,?????????????
- ??????????,??????????????????????????????????????
?????????(???)????????????????????????????
124???????
- ?????????????????????(????)
- ?????????,????????????(????)
- ???????,???????????(????)???,???????????(??)??
125???????
- ???????
- ???????????????,????????????????,???????????????
- ???????,??? , ? ,???,?????,??????
- ??(moderator)???????????????????,????????????????
????????????????
126??????
?? ???? ????
???? ????????????????? ????????????????
?????? ??????????????? ????
???? ?????????????? ????
???? ?????????????? ????
???? ?????????????????????????????? ????,????,????,?????????
127??
- ??(reliability)????????????????(variable
errors)???? - ????????????,??????????????????(??)?????????????
- ?????????????(true score)??????????(obtained
scores)?????? -
-
- ??,x??????,t????,e?????????????????????????
128???????
- ??????????,????????????r???????????????????????
- ???(equivalence)?
- ???(stability)?
- ???(consistency)?
129???
- ??????????,??????????????(equivalent
forms)??????? - ?????????
- ????(alternate forms)???????????,??????????,?????
??????????(?????)????????,???????????????????????
????????????????????,??????????????? - ????(split-half)??????????????,????(???????),????
????????????
130???
- ?????????,???????,????????,??????????????
- ??????(test-retest)????????????,??????????????,???
??????????? - ??????---?????---??????????????
- ???????,?Pearson????(r?)?
131???
- ????????????????????????,???????(item)??????????
- ??????????????????Cronbachs a??????
- 1.???????(split-half reliability),???????????
?????,????????????????,?????????????,?????????Pear
son r ???????????????????????(???1?,???0?)
132???(?)
- ??(Kuder-Richardson)?????????????????????????,???
1?,???0????,??????????????(???????)????????20???21
?? -
- ??20
- ??,k??????, ????????,p????????(??????),
q1-p(????????), pq?????????????????????
133???(?)
- ????????5??,?30???(??6-11),??????2.5,
pq1.09,???????,?? - ???,??21????
-
- ??,k??????, ????????,M???????
134???(?)
?6-11 ????5??
?? ???? P q pq
15 15/300.5 1-p0.5 0.25 10 10/300.33 1-0.330.67 0.22 12 12/300.4 1-0.40.6 0.24 20 20/300.67 1-0.670.33 0.22 6 6/300.20 1-0.20.8 0.16
135???(?)
- Cronbachs a??????????????????????????????(?????
?)? - ???????????????????????, Cronbachs ?
???????????(????????????)??? -
- Cronbachs
- ??,k??????, ????????, ?????????????,
???Cronbachsa???,????????????????, ?? ?
136???????
- ??????,Cronbachs a??????0.5,???agt0.7(Nunnally,
1978) - ??????????????,?85?????a???0.5,?69??a???0.7
137???????
?6-13 ?????????
?? ?? ??(Scale) ???? ???? ???? ???
1.??? ?? ??Scale ?? ?? ?? ??
2.??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??items ??
3.??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????
4.??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??
138???????
- ??????????????,??????,??????????????????
- ????????????????????????
- ?????????????????????
- ????????????????????????????
- ??????????????????
- ???????????????,????????????,?????????
139????????????
?? ???? ????
1.???(???) ???????????,?????????IQ??? ????????,???????
2.???(???) ??????????? ??????????????????????,???????
3.???? ??,?????????????1?,???0?????????,??????IQ??????,Chronbachs a??????????????(??)???????????
140???????
- ?????,??
-
- ?? ,?
- ???,?? ??- ,????????
- ?? lt
- ?????????,????-gt???(?p?q???)?????,???????????????
????????????
141????????????????(Subhash Sharma,1996)1
- ??(metric)??
- ????
- ????
- ???(nonmetric)??
- ????
- ????
142????????????????(Subhash Sharma,1996)2
???
?? ?? ???? ????
?? ??? ?? ???
???? ??(Regression) ????(Discriminant analysis) ?????(Logistic Regression) ????(Canonical Correlation) ?????(Multiple Discriminant Analysis,MDA)
????? t-test ???(discrete)???? MANOVA ???MDA
?????? ???(Multiple Regression) ???? ????? ???? MDA
??????? ANOVA ??????? ????(Conjoint Analysis MANOVA ???MDA
???