Course Title: IT IN BUSINESS

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Course Title
IT IN BUSINESS
Chapter No 04
Chapter No 04

• Course Instructor
• ADEEL ANJUM

BY ADEEL ANJUM (MCS, CCNA,WEB DEVELOPER)
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Course Contents
Chapter No Chapter Name Page No
1. INTRODUCTION TO IT 01
2. INPUT OUT PUT DEVICES 251
3. SOFTWARE 117
4. HARDWARE 117
5. COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 309
6. INTERNET 49
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BY ADEEL ANJUM (MCS, CCNA,WEB DEVELOPER)
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CHAPTER 4 HARDWARE
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MEASURING CAPACITY

• BIT
• In binary number system each 0 or 1 is called
• bit which is short for binary digit.
• BYTE
• A group of 8 bit is called byte and a byte
  represents one character,digit,or other value.
  The capacity of a computers memory is expressed
  in number of bytes.

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• KILOBYTE
• A kilobytes (KB) is about 1024 bytes.
• MEGABYTE
• A megabyte is about 1 million bytes or 1024
  kilobytes.
• GIGABYTE
• A gigabyte is 1 billion or bytes or 1024
  megabytes
• TERABYTE
• A terabyte represent 1 trillion bytes 0r 1024
  gigabytes

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POWER SUPPLY

• The power supply is a device that converts AC
  voltage to DC voltage to run the computer.AC
  voltage can burn out the low voltage DC circuitry
  in your computer.

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POWER SUPPLY
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UPS

• A UPS (Un-interruptible power supply) is a
  battery that provides a computer with electricity
  if there is a power failure. The UPS will keep a
  computer going for 5-30 minutes or more.
• power supply unit is joule.0ne 100 joule of
  energy keep a 100 watt light giving for 1 second.

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BUSES

• Buses are electrical data road ways through
  which bits are transmitted within cpu and between
  the cpu and other components of the motherboard.

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PORTS

• A Port is a connecting socket into which cables
  of different kind are plugged. it allows you to
  connect peripheral devices such as monitor
  ,keyboard, mouse ,printer ,scanner, modem etc.
• we have different types of ports like serial
  port, parallel ports etc.

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MOTHERBOARD

• it is main circuit board in the system unit. it
  contain non removable components, slots for
  components that can be removed.
• like microprocessor,RAM,Various cards etc.

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motherboard
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6.CPU

• The brain of computer is CPU.CPU stands for
  central processing unit. it control different
  devices. All calculations are made inside the
  cpu.
• PARTS OF CPU
• 1.control unit
• 2.ALU arithmetic logic unit

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1. ALU

• The arithmetic/logic unit performs arithmetic
  operations and logical operations. and controls
  the speed of these operation.
• arithmetic operation are addition
  ,subtraction,multiplication,and division.
• logical operations are comparisons,
• like greater than gt,equal than , less than lt
  less than or equal than etc.

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2.CONTROL UNIT

• It controls the movement of electrical signals
  between main memory and the ALU.It also directs
  these signal between main memory and input and
  out put devices.

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cpu
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FUNCTIONS OF CPU

• Performs all arithmetic and logical operation in
  the arithmetic and logical unit ALU
• sends the result to output devices
• control the activities of other units.

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7.STORAGE DEVICE

• TEMPORARY STORAGE DEVICE
• RAM
• CACHE MEMORY
• REGISTERS

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• PERMANENT STORAGE DEVICES
• ROM (read only memory)
• CMOS(complementary metal oxide semiconductor)
• FLOPPY DISK
• HARD DISK
• OPTICAL DISK
• MAGNETIC TAPE
• FLASH MEMORY

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1.RAM

• RAM (random access memory) or Primary or main
  memory, temporarily hold data before it is
  processed by the cpu. when you open file a copy
  of file is transfer from hard disk to RAM. when
  you save file it is transferred from RAM to hard
  disk. RAM is said to be volatile, the contents
  are lost when the power is goes off or it is
  turned off.

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RAM

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Types Of RAM

• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• SDRAM (Synchronous dynamic RAM)
• SRAM (Static RAM)
• DDR-SDRAM
• (Double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM.)

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2.CACHE MEMORY

• As cpu runs much faster than main memory.cpu
  wait for instructions so to reduce this wait we
  use cache. Cache is temporary memory. It store
  instructions for short time. It speed up
  processing.
• There are three type of cache.
• Level 1 cache
• Level 2 cache
• Level 3 cache

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cache

• Level 1
• It is part of processor also called internal
  cache. its size is 256 kb.
• Level 2
• it is out side processor not part of processor
  it is also called external cache. its size is 2
  MB.
• Level 3
• it is on motherboard near ram.

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3.REGISTER

• Register are high speed storage areas that
  temporarily store data during processing. for
  example ,if two numbers are multiplied both
  number must be in register and result is also
  placed in register.

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1.ROM

• ROM read only memory cannot be written on or
  erased by the computer user without special
  equipment.ROM chips contain fixed start up
  instruction. the contents of ROM are permanent.

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2.CMOS MEMORY

• complementary metal oxide semiconductor chips
  are power by a battery and thus do not lose their
  contents, when the power is turned off.
• CMOS Chips contain instruction such as
  time,date,calender.unlike ROM chip CMOS chip can
  be reprogrammed as when you need to change. your
  system software allow you to change time and date
  stored on CMOS.

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3.VIRTUAL MEMORY

• virtual memory is some free space on hard disk,
  it is used to extend RAM. The processor searches
  for data in this order first in level 1 cache
  then L2 cache then L3 cache then main memory then
  virtual memory. then hard disk.

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4.FLOPPY DISK

• It is removable flat plastic case which store
  data permanently. it store about 1.45 mega byte
  data. Super disk can store 120 megabyte.

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5.HARD DISK

• Hard disk provide a very big storage capacity
  and are very fast. it store data permanently. it
  consist of metal platter fixed on vertical
  spindle. platter is coated with magnetic material
  on which data is recorded

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6.OPTICAL DISK

• An optical disk is removable disk which store
  data permanently. To read data laser light is
  used. Pitted area are not reflected and are
  interpreted as 0 bits smooth area are reflected
  and are interpreted as 1 bits.
• Example
• CDs (compact disks)
• DVDs (digital versatile disk)

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7.FLASH

• Flash is non volatile memory. it holds up to 4
  gigabyte of data.
• example USB universal serial bus, also called
  flash drive or keychain drive.

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THANKS FOR PATIENCE
CHAPTER 4 ENDS
instructorADEEL ANJUM