Biology

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Biology

• Biology is the study of life!
• Anything that has all the characteristics of life
  is an Organism

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Characteristics of Living Things

• All have organizationan orderly structure
• Carry out reproductionfor species survival
• Have adaptationadjusts to changes in the
  environment
• Maintains homeostasiskeeps constant internal
  environment
• Has growth and development
• Responds to stimuli

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Levels of Organization

• Cells
• ?
• Tissue
• ?
• Organ
• ?
• Organ System
• ?
• Organism

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Scientific Investigations

• Science is a process that produces knowledge
  about naturetechnology is when we apply that
  knowledge even though we have a natural
  curiosity about he world around us we have an
  obligation to consider ethics
• Ethics- refers to the moral principles and values
  held by humans
• Science may not consider all possible ethics.
  Therefore, society as a whole must take
  responsibility for the ethical use of scientific
  discoveries.
• Biotechnology the application of scientific
  research focusing on living things

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• Scientists use a series of steps to answer
  questions called the Scientific Method
• SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Define the Problem
• Collect Information
• Form a Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Collect Data from Experiment
• Draw Conclusion
• Publish Information

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Scientific Ideas

• Hypothesis is an explanation for problems or
  questionsIt HAS to be able to be tested
• Theory- explanation of a natural phenomenon that
  is supported by lots of scientific data from many
  investigations ex. Theory of Natural Selection
• (It explains nature)
• Law- recognized facts of natures
• ex. Law of Gravity

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Experiments

• Experiments have 2 groups
• Control Groupall conditions stay the same
  everything is compared to this
• Experiment Group (Variables)this is the test
  group where one condition is changed at a time2
  types of variables
• a. Independent Variableone changed condition
  in an experiment doesnt depend on anything else
  changing
• b. Dependent Variablechanges in the result
  due to a condition being changed

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Types of Data

• Data is all the information gathered in an
  experiment
• 1. Quantitative Datanumerical data showing
  time, measurements, etc.usually shown using
  graphs and charts
• 2. Qualitative Datadescriptive or observational
  data showing change in color, etc.

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Measurement Tools

• Scientists use a variety of instruments and tool
  to make measurements and observations
• Ruler
• Thermometer
• Graduated Cylinders
• Pan Balance
• Microscopes
• (p. 41 in Coach Book)

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Lab Safety

• Scientists must follow safety procedures and
  precautions when working
• Lab Safety Rules---p.53 in Coach Book
• Safety Symbols---p.54 in Coach Book

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FAMOUS SCIENTISTS

• Gregor Mendel father of heredity, worked with
  pea plants
• Alexander Fleming (1928) discovery of the first
  antibiotic penicillin
• Robert Hooke discovered and named the cell while
  observing cork

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FAMOUS SCIENTISTS CONTINUED

• 4. Charles Darwin developed the theory of
  evolution based on natural selection
• 5. James Watson/Francis Crick (1953) determined
  the structure of DNA to be a double helix
• 6. George Washington Carver (botanist)
  developed several industrial uses for the peanut
• 7. Carolus Linnaeus father of classification
  developed two-word system for naming organisms
  (binomial nomenclature)
• 8. Anton von Leeuwenhoek 1st microscope, first
  to describe cells (didnt know what they were)
• 9. Jane Goodall noted for work with chimpanzees

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• 10. Louis Pasteur S-shaped flask disproved
  spontaneous generation in microorganisms
• 11. Rosalind Franklin provided X-ray images of
  DNA
• 12. Francesco Redi disproved spontaneous
  generation in large organisms
• 13. A. I. Oparin primordial soup suggested
  that life came from non-living matter in
  primitive Earth
• 14. Miller and Urey tested Oparins hypothesis
  and produced amino acids

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BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

• Cytology study of cells
• Pathology study of diseases
• Physiology study of the function or organisms
• Taxonomy study of classification
• Virology study of viruses
• Eugenics study of heredity in humans
• Embryology study of early development of
  organisms

• Biology study of life
• Botany study of plants
• Zoology study of animals
• Mycology study of fungi
• Genetics study of heredity
• Anatomy study of an organisms structure
• Bacteriology study of bacteria
• Ecology study of the relationships between
  living/nonliving things

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