Taxonomy

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Taxonomy
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• Naming and grouping organisms according to
  morphology and relationships

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Aristotle was first to classify living
things
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Plants
Animals
herbs
shrubs
trees
land
air
water
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Carolus Linnaeus
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• Grouped organisms into hierarchical categories

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Single organism type
Species
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Classification Taxa of Domestic Dog-an example-
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Wolf is Canis lupus
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Classification Hierarchy
Man Dog Wolf Nostoc Black-eyed susan
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Eubacteria Plantae
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Cyanophycota Anthophyta
Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Cyanophyceae Dicotyledones
Order Primates Carnivora Carnivora Oscillatoriales Companulales
Family Hominidae Canidae Canidae Nostochaceae Composita
Genus Homo Canis Canis Nostoc Rudbeckia
Species Homo sapiens Canis familiaries Canis lupis Nostoc commune Rudbeckia serotina
Which two organisms are most closely related to
each other?
Which two organisms are least closely related to
each other?
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Binomial Nomenclature
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• 2-word naming system

Homo sapiens
Linnaeus
2nd word specific epithet, or descriptive
1st word genus name
Latin, Italicized, 1st word
capitalized, 2nd word lowercase
sapiens wise
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Other scientific names
Felis domesticus
Escherichia coli
Gorilla gorilla
Magnolia grandiflora
Gromphordorhina portentosa
Chaos chaos
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Why scientific names?
Common names can be misleading and confusing!
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Phylogeny
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• Classifying organisms based on evolutionary
  history

Relationships determined from fossil records,
morphology, embryology, and biochemistry
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Cladistics
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• Uses derived characters to determine evolutionary
  relationship

Derived character trait that evolved only in
group under consideration
If group is birds, then what would be the
derived character?
FEATHERS!
b/c feathers are absent in all other animals,
they must have evolved within bird group, not
inherited from ancestor
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• Organisms that share derived characters probably
  shared common ancestor

Cladogram ancestry diagram
Only groups branching above a derived character
share that trait
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Tree of Life for the Six Kingdoms
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More complex organisms are at higher positions on
tree!
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Dichotomous Keys
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• Series of paired statements that describe
  physical characteristics of different organisms.
• Aka CLASSIFICATION KEY

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Six Kingdoms of Life
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia
Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote
Cell number (uni- or multi-)
Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph
Examples
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Six Kingdoms of Life
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia
Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK.
Cell number (uni- or multi) UNI-
Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph BOTH
Examples Extreme bacteria
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Six Kingdoms of Life
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia
Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. PROK.
Cell number (uni- or multi- UNI- UNI-
Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph BOTH BOTH
Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph
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Six Kingdoms of Life
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia
Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. PROK. EUK.
Cell number (uni- or multi-) UNI- UNI- BOTH
Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph AUTO- AUTO- BOTH
Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph Amoeba, algae, seaweed
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Six Kingdoms of Life
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia
Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. PROK. EUK. EUK-
Cell number (uni- or multi-) UNI- UNI- BOTH BOTH
Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph AUTO- AUTO- BOTH HETERO
Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph Amoeba, algae, seaweed Yeast, mold, ringworm
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Six Kingdoms of Life
Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia
Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. PROK. EUK. EUK- EUK-
Cell number (uni- or multi-) UNI- UNI- BOTH BOTH MULTI
Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph AUTO- AUTO- BOTH HETERO HETERO
Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph Amoeba, algae, seaweed Yeast, mold, ringworm Vertebrates insects, worms,etc