Out Line

1
???????????????????????

• ??? ????????? ??????????
• ??????????????????????
• ???????????????????????

2
Out Line

• ???????? (?????) ???????
• ???????????????
• ??????????????
• ???????????????????????????
• ?????????????
• ????????????
• ????????????? (Traceability) ?????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????

3
??????????????????????? ?
Hardness measurement
???????? ??????? ????????????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
?????????? ????????????, ?????????
??????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????
???????????????????????, ????????, ????, ????????
???
4
??????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????
??????????????? ?
Hardness measurement
5
???????????????????????????????????????????(Level
of Measurement)

• ??????????????????? (Nominal measurement)
• ??????????????????? (Ordinal measurement)
• ????????????????? (Interval measurement)
• ?????????????????? (Ratio measurement)

6
Type of measurement scale
??????????????????? (Nominal measurement)

• ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ????????????????? (Categorical measurement) ????
  ????????????????, ??????????, ????????

7
Type of measurement scale
??????????????????? (ordinal measurement)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? ???? ????????????????????
  ??????????-???, ??????-????, ?????-???,
  ???????????, ??????????, ?????????????

8
Type of measurement scale
????????????????? (Interval measurement)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ??????? ????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????? ?????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????? (Interval)
  ??????????

9
Type of measurement scale
?????????????????? (Ratio measurement)

• ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ??????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???? ??? 0 ????????
  ?????????????????? ??????? 0 ????
  ??????????????????????

10
??????????????????????????????

• ???????????????????????? (Scratch hardness test)
• ??????????????????????? (Rebound hardness test)
• ??????????????????? (Indentation hardness test)

11
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Mohs hardness scale

• ????????????????? Moh ??? ?????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????? Friedrich Moh ???? 1812
  ?????????????????????????????????????????? 10
  ???? ????????????????????????????? 10
  ????????????????????? ??? 1 ??? 10
  ?????????????????????????????

12
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Mohs hardness scale
Hardness Number Picture Mineral Sclerometer Hardness
1 Talc, ???????? 1
2 Gypsum, ?????????? 2
3 Calcite, ???????????????????? 9
13
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Mohs hardness scale
Hardness Number Picture Mineral Sclerometer Hardness
4 Fluorite, ???????????????????? 21
5 Apatite, ????????????????????????????? 48
6 Orthoclase Fledspar, ???????????? 72
14
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Mohs hardness scale
Hardness Number Picture Mineral Sclerometer Hardness
1 Talc, ???????? 1
2 Gypsum, ?????????? 2
3 Calcite, ???????????????????? 9
15
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Mohs hardness scale
Hardness Number Picture Mineral Sclerometer Hardness
7 Quartz, ??????????????? 100
8 Topaz, ???????? 200
9 Corundum, ??????????????? (??????????????????) 400
10 Diamond, ???? 1500
16
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
File Testing

• ????????????????? Mohs hardness scale
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ????????? ?????????????? File testing
  ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????? ????
  ?????????????????????? ?????????????? 6
  ????????????????? 65, 60, 55, 50, 45 ??? 40 HRC
  ???????

17
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
File Testing
18
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Turners Sclerometer hardness test

• Sclerometer ???????????????????????????? Mohs
  hardness scale ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ??????????? 10 ?????? ????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????? Sclerometer
  ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????? Mohs
  hardness scale ???????????????????????????????
  sclerometer ???? ???? ???????????????? 10 ???
  scale ??? Moh ????????????????? 1500 ???????????
  Sclerometer

19
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Turners Sclerometer hardness test

• Sclerometer ???????????? Turner ???? ?.?. 1896
  ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????

20
Scratch hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Scratch testing for material

• ?????????????????? sclerometer ???
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? (Friction force) ????????????????????????????
  ?? ????????????????????? ceramic ??? coating
  ????????????????? 20 mm ?????????????????????????
  scratch testing for material ?????????????? ASTM
  G171, ASTM C1624, ISO 20502 ??? ISO 1518 ???????

21
Rebound hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Shores Scleroscope

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? Shore Instruments, Division of
  Instron Corp. ??????????????? ????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? (rebound)

22
Rebound hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Shores Scleroscope

• ???????????????????????? ?????????????????
  elasticity ??????????????? ultimate strength
  ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ????????? scale ??????????
  ASTM E140 ???? DIN50 150 ???? ????????????? scale
  ????????????????????? unalloyed ???? low-alloyed
  steel ???????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ???????????????????????
  Yongs Modulus ?????????

23
Rebound hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Shores Scleroscope
????? ???????????
1 Steel
2 Alloy Steel
3 Stainless Steel
4 Grey Iron
5 Nodular Iron
6 Aluminum
7 Brass
8 Bronze
9 Copper

• ??????????? ?????????????????? Rebound
  hardness test ????????? ?????????????????????????
  ??? ???? ???????????????, ?????????????, ???????,
  ????????????? ???????

24
Rebound hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Leeb Hardness Test

• Leeb hardness test ???????????????????? D.Leeb
  ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? Portable hardness tester
  ?????????????????? ???? ASTM A956 ??????? Leeb
  hardness ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????

HL 1,000
????? A ??? ???????? Hammer ????????????????
B ??? ???????? Hammer ????????????????
25
Rebound hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Leeb Hardness Test

• ???????????? Shores seleroscope hardness test
  ???????????????????????????????? Yongs Modulus
  ??????? Ultimate Strength ????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????. ?????????????,
  ???????, ????????????? ??????? ???????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  Rebound hardness test ??????

26
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Brinell Hardness Test

• ??????????????????????????? (Indentation
  Method) ???????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? Dr.John August Brinell ?????????
  ???? ?.?. 1900 Brinell hardness test
  ???????????????????????????????????? (Ball
  Indenter) ?????????????????? ????????????????
  Brinell ?????????????????????????????????? (kgf)
  ?????????????????????????? Ball Indenter
  ???????????????????????? (mm.2)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????

27
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Brinell Hardness Test
Brinell hardness scale (HB)


d
????? F Test force ??????? N D
?????????????????????????????????????? mm. D
??????????????????????????????????????????????? d
1, d2 ??????????????????????????????????????????
????????? 90?
28
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Brinell Hardness Test
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ???????????????????????????????????? ???
?????????????????-?????????????????
(Force-diameter ratio) ???????????
Force - diameter ratio
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
1 30 N/mm2 ????????????????????????????????????
???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
???????? ????????????????????????? Brinell
hardness ?????????????????????????????????????????
????????? ?????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
(Forcediameter ratio) ???????????????????????????
????
29
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Brinell Hardness Test
ISO 6506 ???????????????? Forcediameter ratio
????????????????????????????????
???????????????????
Material Brinell hardness HBW Force-diameter ratio 0,102 x F/D2 N/mm2
Steel Nickel alloys Titanium alloys 30
Cast irona lt 140 10
Cast irona 140 30
Copper and copper alloys lt 35 5
Copper and copper alloys 35 to 200 10
Copper and copper alloys gt 200 30
Light metals and their alloys lt 35 2.5
Light metals and their alloys lt 35 5
Light metals and their alloys 35 to 80 10
Light metals and their alloys 35 to 80 15
Light metals and their alloys gt 80 10
Light metals and their alloys gt 80 15
Lead, tin Sintered metal 1
Lead, tin Sintered metal See ISO 4498-1 See ISO 4498-1
a For the testing of cast iron the nominal diameter of the ball shall be 2,5 mm, 5 mm or 10 mm. a For the testing of cast iron the nominal diameter of the ball shall be 2,5 mm, 5 mm or 10 mm. a For the testing of cast iron the nominal diameter of the ball shall be 2,5 mm, 5 mm or 10 mm.
30
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Brinell Hardness Test
?????????????????????? Brinell Hardness
Material Brinell hardness HBW Force-diameter ratio 0,102 x F/D2 N/mm2
30 95.5-653 HBW10/3000 , HBW5/750 , HBW2.5/187.5 , HBW1/30
15 47.7-327 HBW10/1500
10 31.8 - 218 HBW10/1000 , HBW5/250 , HBW2.5/62.5 , HBW1/10
5 15.9 109 HBW10/500 , HBW5/125 , HBW2.5/31.25 , HBW1/5
2.5 7.96 54.5 HBW10/250 , HBW5/62.5 , HBW2.5/15.625 , HBW1/2.5
1 3.18 21.8 HBW10/100 , HBW5/25 , HBW2.5/6.25 , HBW1/1
31
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Vickers Hardness Test

• Vickers hardness test ???????????????????????
  R.Smith ??? G.Sandland ???????????? Vickers Ltd.
  ???????????? ???? ?.?. 1925 ?????????????????
  Vickers hardness test ??????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? scale ????? ??????????????????????????
  Brinell hardness ?????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????? ????
  Brinell hardness ?????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  (force-diameter ratio) Vickers hardness test
  ????????????????????? Brinell hardness test
  ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ????????????????????????????????? 136?

32
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Vickers Hardness Test

• ?????????????????? Vickers hardness, HV
  ????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  (kgf) ??????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ??????

Vickers hardness number, HV

0.1891
??? d
????? F ???????????? N d ??????????????????
?????? mm d1, d2 ???????????????????????? 2
???? ??????? mm
33
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Vickers Hardness Test

• ??????????????????????????????????? Pa ???? MPa
  ??? ?????????? 9.80665 x 106 ??? 9.80665 ????????
  ?????????????? Vickers hardness ???
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  Rockwell hardness test ???????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ??????????????????? (Accuracy)
  ?????? Microscope ?????????????????????????? 1 mm
  (???????????????????? 10 mm) ?????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????
  Micro hardness

34
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Knoop Hardness Test

• Knoop hardness test ????????????????????????????
  ? Vickers hardness ??? ???????????????????????????
  ????????? ???????????? knoop hardness
  ???????????????? ??????????????? 130? ??? 172.5?
  ??????
• Knoop hardness test ???????????????????? ?.?.
  1939 ??? Fredrick knoop ?????????????????????? ?
  National Bureau of Standard (??????????? NIST)
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ASTM D-1474
• ?????????????? Knoop hardness
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? (kgf) ??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? (mm2) ?????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  (mm)

Knoop hardness number, HK

????? F ???????????? kgf C ??????????????
????????????????????????? 0.070279 l ????????
????????????????? mm
35
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Knoop Hardness Test

• ??????????? Knoop hardness ?????????????????????
  ?????? Vickers hardness ??????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  7 ???? ????????????????? 1 ?? 30
  ???????????????????????? ????? Knoop hardness
  ????????????? Micro hardness ????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  Microscope ???????? ???????????????1 ?? 30
  ???????????????????????? ?????????????? thin
  coating ????????????????? ???? ?????, ???????
  ???????

36
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Rockwell Hardness Test

• Rockwell hardness test ????????????????????????
  Stanly P.Rockwell ???????????????????????????
  ?.?. 1919 ????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ???? Rockwell Hardness test ????????????????????
  ????????????????????? (Accuracy) ???
  ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? Rockwell ???? ????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????

37
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Rockwell Hardness Test

• ???????????????????????? Rockwell hardness test
  ?????????????????? 2 ???????????? ????????
  ?????????????? (Preliminary test force)
  ???????????? (total test force)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ???????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ?????????????????? Rockwell hardness test
  ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  Backlash ??????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????? dial gauge
  ?????????????????????????????? (surface
  roughness) ???????????????

38
Indentation hardness test
Types of Hardness testing
Rockwell Hardness Test

• ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????
  Rockwell hardness test ???????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ????????????? Vickers hardness
  ???? Brinell hardness ??????????????? Rockwell
  hardness test ???????????????????? ????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????,
  ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? Rockwell hardness
  test ??????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ???? Rockwell scale A, B, C, ???????
  ????????????????
• 1. ?????????????? (Preliminary test force)
• 2. ????????? (Total test force)
• 3. ????? (Indentor)
• ?????????????????????? Hardness Rockwell
  ???????????? ?????????????????
• 1. ??????????????
• 2. ????????????????????
• 3. ?????????????????????

39
Application of Hardness measurement

• ??????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ???????????
• Homogeneity ????????
• ???????????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ?????????????????

40
Application of Hardness measurement

• 1. Brinell hardness
• ???????????? ????????,
  ???????????????? ???? ??????????????,
  ?????????????, ???????????? (??????, ?????????,
  ??????, ?????) ??????????????, ?????, ?????????
  ???????
• 2. Vickers hardness
• ???????????? ????????????
  (????????????????????????)
• ???? ceramics, cutting tool, carbide, heat
  treatment process, plastic, coating layer, thin
  plate, IC wafer, smalls parts
• 3. Knoop hardness
• ???????????? ?????????????? Coating Layer
  ???? ?????, carbide,ceramics, cutting tool, small
  parts
• 4. Rockwell hardness
• ???????????? ???????????? (????????? scale
  ??????????)
• 5. Shore hardness Leeb hardness
• ???????????? ???????????????, ??????? (on
  site)

41
Application of Hardness measurement
Rockwell Hardness Scale
42
Application of Hardness measurement
Rockwell Hardness Scale
43
Hardness Conversion

• ???????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????

44
Hardness Conversion
45
Hardness Conversion
46
Hardness Conversion
47
Traceability
Metrological traceability
Property of measurement result relating the
result to a stated metrological reference through
an unbroken chain of calibrations of measuring
system or comparisons, each contributing to the
stated measurement uncertainty ???????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????
(???? Measurement standard) ??????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
VIM Draft April 2004
48
Traceability
Traceablity
Property of the results a measurement of the
value of a standard whereby it can be related to
stated reference, usually national or
international standards through an unbroken chain
of comparisons all having stated
uncertainties. ????????????????????
????????????????? ????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
?????????????????? (????????) ?????????????
??????????????????????????? (???????????)
VIM 193
49
Traceability
???? Traceability

• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? (SI Unit)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????
• ???????? ????????????? 4 ????????????????????? ?
• ???????? ????????????? 7 ????????????????????????
  ?

50
Traceability
Indenting depth versus test force
51
Traceability
Effect of Testing Cycle ( t0 )
52
Traceability
Effect of Testing Cycle ( t0 )
t0 increase h decrease HRC increase
53
Traceability
Effect of Testing Cycle ( t1 )
54
Traceability
Effect of Testing Cycle ( t1 )
t1 increase h increase HRC decrease
55
Traceability
Effect of Preliminary test force
56
Traceability
Effect of Preliminary test force
f0 increase h decrease HRC increase
57
Traceability
Effect of Total test force
58
Traceability
Effect of Total test force
f increase h increase HRC decrease
59
Traceability
The Equipment for maintain Hardness
60
Direct verification of Rockwell hardness primary
machine
Traceability
61
Direct verification of Vickers hardness primary
machine
Traceability
62
Traceability
63
Traceability
64
Traceability
65
Standards Used for Rockwell Hardness and Vickers
Hardness Test

• ISO6508 Metallic Materials-Rockwell Hardness Test
• ISO 6508-1 Test Method
• ISO 6508-2 Verification and Calibration of
  Testing Machines
• ISO 6508-3 Calibration of Reference Blocks

• ISO6507 Metallic Materials-Vickers Hardness Test
• ISO 6507-1 Test Method
• ISO 6507-2 Verification and Calibration of
  Testing Machines
• ISO 6507-3 Calibration of Reference Blocks

66
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Test according
to ISO6508-2
67
Deformation of frame

• Use Ball indenter,which harden than 60 HRC and
  larger than 10 mm. in diameter

Subject to load on specimen (dummy block), which
harder than 60 HRC (suggestion more than 900 HV)
Determine the hardness number. The indication
shall not exceed 1.5 HR unit
68
Direct Verification

• Calibration of the test force
• Verification of indenter
• Calibration of the depth-measuring device
• Verification of the testing cycle

69
Calibration of the test force
Balance
Check ? 3 positions of the plunger spaced
throughout its range of movement during testing
Accuracy of Force Standard Device
Load Cell
70
Preliminary Test Force Calibration Procedure
Total Test Force Calibration Procedure
71
Calibration of the test force
?????????????????????????????????????? Force
Verification
72
(No Transcript)
73
Verification of the indenter
Indirect verification of indenter
The indenter shall be compared with the
reference indenter by using 4 reference blocks
(23 HRC, 55 HRC, 43 HR45N and 91 HR15N), which
have tolerance ?3 HR. For each block
the mean hardness value of 3 indentations made
using the indenter to be verified shall not
differ from the mean hardness value of the 3
indentations obtained with the reference indenter
by more than ?0.8 HR. The indentations made with
both indenters should be adjacent.
74
Verification of the indenter
Rockwell Indenter
Vickers Indenter
75
Verification of the indenter
76
Calibration of the depth-measuring device
The depth-measuring device shall be calibrated
over no less than 3 intervals, including the
intervals corresponding to the lowest and highest
hardness for which the scales are normally used,
by making known incremental movements of the
indenter in the direction of increasing hardness
values.
77
Calibration of the depth-measuring device
Standard depth measuring device
78
Calibration Procedure
79
Calibration of the depth-measuring device
Calibration record of depth measuring device
80
Verification of testing cycle
ISO6508-2 The testing cycle shall conform to the
testing cycle given in ISO6508-1 and shall be
timed with an uncertainty less than ?0.5
s. ISO6508-3 The testing cycle shall be timed
with an uncertainty less than ?0.5 s and shall
conform to the testing cycle of clause 5.
81
Verification of testing cycle
Proximity Sensor
82
Indirect Verification

• The testing machine shall be verified for each
  scale for which it shall be used. For each scale,
  reference blocks from the 3 hardness ranges given
  in Table 4 shall be used. The hardness values of
  the blocks shall be chosen to approximate the
  limits of the intended use.

83
Maximum permissible value of non-uniformity of
reference block
The greater of the two values shall be applied
84
Uniformity of reference block
85
Note The reference block used for indirect
verification of the testing machine according to
ISO6508-2 should be in accordance with ISO6508-3.
However, ISO6508-3 doesnt not imply to the
accuracy and uncertainty of the reference block.
The user should consider the accuracy and
uncertainty of the block before selection.
86
Table 4 Required Hardness ranges for indirect
verification
For indirect verification, both of repeatability
and error shall be determined.
87
(No Transcript)
88
(No Transcript)
89
Table 5 Permissible repeatability and error of
the testing machine
90
Intervals between verifications

• Direct verification
• When the machine is installed or after having
  been dismantled and
• reassembled or after relocation
• When the result of the indirect verification is
  not satisfactory
• When indirect verification has not been made
  for a period greater than
• 12 months.
• Each direct verification shall be followed by an
  indirect verification.

• Indirect verification
• The period between two indirect verifications
  depends on the maintenance standard and number of
  times the machine is used. In any case this
  period shall not exceed 12 months.
• Before and/or After machine operation
• Monthly check
• Periodic Calibration