Life On A Cellular Level

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Unit 1

• Life On A Cellular Level

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Important Cellular Biologists and Their
Discoveries

• Robert Hooke ? first person to see cells in cork
  named a cell a cell
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek ? developed the first light
  microscope observed microorganisms in pond water
• Mathias Schleidan ? stated that plants are made
  up of cells
• Theodor Schwann ? stated that animals are made up
  of cells
• Rudolph Virchow ? all cells come from other cells
  (life comes from life)
• Robert Brown ? first to see a dark spot now
  called a nucleus

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Cell Theory

• 1) All organisms are composed of one or more
  cells.
• An organism may be a single cell, such as an
  Amoeba or a bacterium. Larger organisms, such as
  humans, are composed of many cells.
• 2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and
  function in organisms.
• In the same way that the basic unit of matter is
  the atom, the basic unit of life is the cell.
• 3) All cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Cells come from the reproduction of previously
  existing cells

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Two types of cells Prokaryotic

• 1) Prokaryotes (before nucleus)
• Cells that do not have a nucleus
• Carry out all life processes without a nucleus
• Have Cell Wall!!!
• Simple cells (unicellular) and are smaller than
  eukaryotes
• Genetic material in Cytoplasm
• 2 billion years older than euk.
• Ex. Kingdom Monera ? bacteria

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Eukaryotic Cells (animal cells)

• 2) Eukaryotes (have nucleus)
• Cells that do have a nucleus
• More complex than prokaryotes
• 10 times larger than prok.
• Unicellular and multicellular
• Genetic material in nucleus
• Ex. all other kingdoms ? fungi, protozoa, plants,
  and animals

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• Them vs. Us Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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Animal Cells Plant
Cells
Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus ER
Golgi apparatus Lysosome
Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall Chloroplasts
Centrioles
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Cell Functions
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CELL CONCEPT MAP
Basic unit of life. All organisms consists of cell

• CELL

Procaryote and eucaryote- 2 types
What do you know about the cells?
Consists of
Cel wall (plant cell)
Cell membrane
Protoplasm
Vacuole (plant cell )
of two parts
The fluid mosaic hypothesis- the bilayer of
phospholipid molecules with protein molecules in
it / over the surface
Contains water, nutrients, mineral salts, waste
(nitrogenous) substances
Made up from cellulose, porous to micro- and
macromolecules like sugar and starch
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
contains
Consists of
Microbodies contained in the cytoplasm, carrying
out specific functions for the cell activities
Nuclear membrane
Cell organelles
Nucleoplasma
contains
Mitocondrion
Chloroplast (in green plant)
Chromatin substances / chromosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Body
Fluid medium, (containing nucleotides and
enzymes)
Generates energy for the cell
Ribosome
Processing and packaging proteins/ other
molecules to form cell secretions
Consists of
Grana
Stroma
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Contains chlorophyll
Contains enzymes
DNA
The site for protein synthesis
Protein (histone)
With ribosomes
No ribosomes
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Cell Parts and Functions

• Cell Membrane
• Protects the cell
• Lets things in and out of the cell
• Location around the cell
• Nucleus
• Control center
• Location inside the cell,
• near the center

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Cell Parts and Functions

• Nucleolus (Nucleoli)
• Makes ribosomes
• Location inside the nucleus
• (dark spot)
• Nuclear Membrane
• Protects nucleus
• Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores)
• Location around nucleus

cell
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Cell Parts and Functions

• Mitochondria
• Makes energy/powerhouse
• Location in cytoplasm
• Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
• Packages and secretes
• (gets rid of) waste
• Location in cytoplasm

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Mitochondria
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GOLGI APPARATUS
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Cell Parts and Functions

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
• Transports materials and sends messages to all
  parts of the cell
• Two types smooth and rough (has ribosomes)
• Location attaches from cell membrane to nuclear
  membrane

Rough E.R.
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Cell Parts and Functions

• Ribosome
• Makes proteins
• Location in cytoplasm or
• Attached to E.R.
• Vacuole
• Stores food and water
• Location in cytoplasm

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Vacuole
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Cell Parts and Functions

• Lysosome
• Contains digestive enzymes
• Destroys bacteria, old cell parts
• Location in cytoplasm
• Centrioles
• Helps the cell to divide
• Location in cytoplasm

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Cell Parts and Functions

• Cytoplasm
• Gel-like substances, holds all
• Organelles in cell
• Location in cell
• Chromatin/Chromosomes
• Contains genetic information/traits
• Location in nucleus

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Cell Parts and Functions

• Cilia
• Short hair-like projections
• Used for movement
• Location outside of cell
• Flagella
• Long whip-like tail
• Used for movement
• Location outside of cell

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FLAGELLA
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Cell Structures and Functions

• Chloroplast
• Traps suns energy and
• Makes food
• Location in plant cells

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Cell Wall

• Cell Wall
• Protects and supports plant
• Cells
• Prevents water loss
• Cellulose
• Location outer layer of plant cells

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CYTOSKELETON
Function Support structure of cell and transport
materials/organelles throughout the cell. The
highway of the cell. Made of Microtubules (thin
hollow cylinders) and Microfilaments (thin solid
cylinders) Location Inside the cell
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CYTOSKELETON
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Cell Structures and Functions

• Plastids
• Stores extra food in
• Plant cells
• Location in plant cell

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Plant vs. Animal Cell
http//www.cellsalive.com/
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Levels of Organization

• In a multicellular organism cell, tissues,
  organs, organ system, that make up an organism
• Tissue main types of tissue
• 1) muscle
• 2) epithelial
• 3) nerve
• 4) connective

• Organs many tissues make up an organ
• Each tissue has a specific function to help an
  organ work
• Organ System
• 10 organ system in the human body
• Each level makes the division of labor among
  those cells possible for life of multicellular
  organisms

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1. DNA
2. Enzymes
3. Lysosomes
4. Ribosomes

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1. Lysosomes
2. Mitochondria
3. Golgi bodies
4. Centrioles

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1. Mitochondrion
2. Ribosome
3. Lysosome
4. Golgi body

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STUDY FOR TEST!!