The Middle Kingdoms

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Section 2

• The Middle Kingdoms

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• After A.D. 400, several large trading kingdoms
  arose in West Africa.

Refugees (people who flee for safety) from Kush
brought iron-smelting to the West.
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Ancient Present Ghana
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Ancient Ghana
Present Day Ghana
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Ancient Ghana
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Ancient Ghana

• Developed 400 miles NW of present day Ghana
• Became trading nation
• Most important goods salt and gold

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Ghana

• Founded A.D. 200
• Began iron-smelting in A.D. 350
• Leader is the Ghana
• Warriors expanded boundaries and controlled trade

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Trade Develops

• Ghana controls trade between north and south
• Caravans paid in gold nuggets to use routes
• Ghana rich in gold mines
• Camel plays huge role introduced in 600s by Arabs

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Gold / Salt Trade

• Salt from Taghaza (present day Algeria) (Arabs)
• Gold from Wangara (S.W. Ghana)
• Merchants used a method called silent barter

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Silent Barter

• Merchants would travel to Wangara with salt and
  other goods they would put goods down and beat a
  drum then retreat
• Gold miners would leave gold in place

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• If merchants were satisfied, they would take gold
  and leave
• If not satisfied, they would retreat until gold
  miners brought more gold

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• Gold was then shipped to Europe and Asia for sale

What problems do you see with foreign involvement
?
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Decline

• Jealousy, fear and anger led to attacks
  insignificant
• 1076 A.D. Muslims (Almoravid) attacked
  weakened empire
• 1235 part of the Empire of Mali

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Present Day Ghana
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Ghana
Accra
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Geography of Todays Ghana

• About the size of Oregon
• Tropical climate (around equator)
• No natural harbors along 300 mile coast
• Tropical swamps

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• Brush-covered plains
• Humid rain-forests
• 2/3 is savanna
• 2 rivers Black Volta White Volta join to form
  Volta River which empties into Gulf of Guinea

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Ashanti

• 1670s Osei Tutu
• Kumasi chief city
• Military and trading empire

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The Golden Stool

• tells of the birth of the Ashanti kingdom
• 1600s meeting was held of tribal clans
• Golden Stool was summoned down from heaven by the
  priest for Ashanti king, Osei Tutu I
• sacred - contains the 'Sunsum' spirit or soul
  of the Ashanti people

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British Invasion

• 1823 -1896
• Asanti finally were defeated in 1900

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Why did the British want to control Ghana?

• Resources
• Compete for world dominion

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British Control

• By 1900, Present day Ghana was under protection
  of Great Britain
• 1901 Ghana was part of Britains Gold Coast
  colony

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Rebellion

• British profited from trade of goods in Ghana
• Colonial peoples began to resist and strike led
  by Kwame Nkrumah in 1947

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March, 1957 Ghana becomes an independent nation!
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Cape Coast
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