Fungi

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Fungi
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When you think of fungus, what do you think of?

• Mold on your fruits?
• Mushrooms on your Pizza?

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Importance of Kingdom Fungi

• 1. many pathogenic species
• ex. Ringworm
• ex. athletes foot
• ex. potato blight
• 2. decomposers
• i.e. saprophytes
• recycle dead organisms
• (fertilize soil)
• break down toxic waste

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Importance of Kingdom Fungi

• 3. some species produce antibiotics
• ex. Penicillium
• 4. food source
• mushrooms (vitamin D)
• make blue cheeses
• 5. yeast used commercially to make
• bread
• beer wine

edible mushrooms
chicken of the woods
beefsteak
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Similarities Between Plants Fungi
Plants Fungi

• eukaryotic cells
• numerous organelles
• multicellular (except yeast)
• have cell walls
• anchored in soil
• stationary
• reproduce asexually or sexually

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Differences Between Plants Fungi
Plants Fungi
one nucleus per cell many nuclei per cell
autotrophs (make own food) Heterotrophs (must eat to get nutrition)
have roots no roots (filaments instead!)
cellulose in cell walls chitin in cell walls (like insects)
reproduce by seeds no seeds, they have spores
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Generalized Structure
nuclei

• made of thin filaments called hyphae

• Under a microscope, hyphae look like a tangled
  mass of threads or tiny plant roots

cell wall
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Generalized Structure

• Mycelium
• formed by many intertwining threads of cells
  called hyphae
• - Very much like a colony
• - Usually forms on or below surface of soil

mycelium showing many interlocking hyphae
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Anatomy of Fungus
The dividers between fungal cells often have
openings that allow proteins, fluids and even
nuclei to flow from one cell to another. Some
fungal species have no cell dividers just a
long, continuous cell dotted by multiple nuclei
spread throughout.
Hyphae
Fruiting Body (Mushroom)
Mycelium
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Oregon Honey Mushroom (Armillaria ostoyae)

• Nicknamed the Humungous Fungus
• Started as a single microscopic spore
• Has grown for 2,400 years and is now 8.9 km
  across
• The only above-ground signs of the humongous
  fungus are patches of dead trees and the
  mushrooms that form at the base of infected trees.

• The Humungous Fungus is the Largest living
  organism on Planet Earth

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Life Cycle Asexual Reproduction

• spores
• unicellular reproductive cells (ie. made of one
  cell)
• formed in specialized spore cases called
  sporangia (um)
• when mature, sporangia break open releasing
  1000s of spores to be carried by the wind

Sporangiophore

• each spore forms a new mycelium (identical to
  parent)
• ex. Rhizopus stoloniferous- bread mould

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Spore Dispersal

• Fungus generally dont grow tall enough, or in
  high enough areas to simply release their spores
  into the wind
• Spores must burst from the fruiting body
• This increases the chances of their spores being
  picked up by drafts or landing on an animal

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Life Cycle Sexual Reproduction

• 2 Haploid (one set of chromosomes) hyphae cells
  fuse together
• grow into a mushroom (fruiting body)
• sexually produced spores form on the inside of
  the gills

• as spores mature, mushroom opens up releases
  its spores to the wind
• (up to 2 billion/mushroom)
• each spore grows into a genetically different
  mycelium

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Life Cycle Sexual Reproduction
cap
Label the following diagram of a mushroom.
gills
stalk
September 18, 2015
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Yeast

• different from other fungi because
• unicellular
• reproduce asexually by budding

1. nucleus doubles
2. one nucleus moves into the bud
3. bud grows falls off to become a new yeast
cell identical to parent
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Scary Fungus

• Coryceps A parasitic fungus that takes over
  the body of its host, eventually killing it

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Mucormycosis is a fungal infection of the
sinuses, brain, or lungs that occurs primarily in
people with immune disorders.
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