Thematic PowerPoint Chapters 10-18

1
Thematic PowerPoint Chapters 10-18

• By Angela Schoonover

2
Chapters 10-12
3
Outline

• Chapter 10
• "Clinton's Ditch"
• required tons of manpower
• used to use local farmers, but malaria hit work
  force in summer of 1819
• they were replaced by Irish laborers who were
  more reliable if they survived

4
Outline Contd

• Chapter 11
• Mortality rates for slave children under 5 were
  twice those of white children of the same age
  group
• Reasons
• black women not given adequate nutrition during
  pregnancy
• they were worked too hard
• were too frequently pregnant (commonly have 6-8
  kids at 18 month intervals)

5
Outline Contd

• Malaria and infectious disease like yellow fever
  and cholera were endemic in the South
• the life expectancy in 1850 for whites- 40-43
  years for African Americans 30-33 years
• 20 or more of the slave labor force on most
  plantations were sick at any given time
• slave owners believed slaves were "malingering"
• They didnt realize that adequate diet, warm
  housing, and basic sanitation might have
  prevented diseases
• People knew so little about nutrition, a slave
  master accused mothers of killing their own
  infants because the mortality rate was so high

6
Outline Contd

• Chapter 12
• Dramatic fall in birth rate from 1800-1900 went
  from average of 7 children to only 4 children
• people were realizing for economic reasons and
  constraints they couldnt have an unlimited
  number of kids
• protection not commonly used because it was
  associated with prostitution and trying not to
  spread disease
• instead they used abstinence or infrequent
  intercourse
• if abstinence didnt work, surgical abortions
  could be performed
• widely advertised after 1830
• popular because they were much more effective
  than the herbal practices shared between women
  that may or may not have worked
• mainly used by middle class women looking to
  limit family size
• estimated that one in four pregnancies were
  aborted from 1840 to 1860
• became so popular, it was basically considered a
  preventative measure
• 1860 20 states made abortions illegal

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Outline Contd

• Medicine from 1800-1850
• first American pharmacopeia published in 1820
• consisted of mainly herbal medicines
• had a few inorganic compounds with calomel
  (mercury) being a favorite among doctors
• midwifery thrived during times of war because
  doctors were heavily needed for the war, leaving
  midwives to fill the hole doctors left behind
• nursing was, for the most part, a man's job, but
  when dealing with the Yellow Fever epidemics,
  sometimes slaves were hired to be nurses because
  they were immune from the disease
• Doctors didn't like midwives very much and tried
  to put them out of business

8
Outline Contd

• in Philadelphia 1815 there were 21 women who said
  they were midwives by 1824, the number dwindled
  to 6
• doctors would claim hospitals were more sterile
  than midwives, but midwives would always wash
  their hands between patients- a practice that was
  rarely, if ever, seen by doctors
• doctors could spread disease patient to patient
  in a hospital because of lack of hygiene
• Hydropathy
• believed in the curative powers of water
  (personal hygiene habits somewhat realized and
  required)
• Thomsonian
• put the medicine into the hands of the common
  people
• founded by Samuel Thomson after 6 different
  doctors gave 6 different remedies to his sick
  wife
• he said the cure and medicine should be left with
  the person because they know what medicine will
  work best on them
• Medical Licensing
• The Medical Practices Act was enacted in the very
  early 19th century
• fined people practicing medicine without a
  license 25
• people thought this was stifling their rights and
  in 1807 the act was modified so it wasn't
  repealed
• the fine was lowered and the definition of an
  irregular physician hardly met anyone
• a similar bill was filled in 1832 by Connecticut
• Homeopathy
• developed in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann but didnt
  find its way to America until 1825
• sort of holistic medicine nutrition, exercise,
  minimal medicine, and human relationships
• one of the basic beliefs is with just a hint of
  help, the human body can heal itself

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Key Terms

• malingering-to pretend illness, esp. in order to
  shirk one's duty, avoid work, etc
• pharmacopeia- a book published usually under the
  jurisdiction of the government and containing a
  list of drugs, their formulas, methods for making
  medicinal preparations, requirements and tests
  for their strength and purity, and other related
  information
• hydropathy- the curing of disease by the
  internal and external use of water
• Thomsonian- believed medicine should be at the
  hands of the people
• Medical Licensing Act- the fight to control who
  could treat patients. A form of the Medical
  Licensing Act was passed in all the states except
  2, but they all got repealed because of
  protesters like the Thomsonians

10
Identifying People

• Samuel Thomson

• founded Thomsonian- the belief that the medicine
  should be in the hands of the common people. Was
  a force to be reckoned with when trying to pass
  the Medical Licensing Laws in the states

• Samuel Hahnemann

• founded the belief of Homeopathy in 1796 even
  though it wouldnt show up in America until 1825.
  Had sort of a holistic approach to healing and
  believed with a pinch of help. the body could
  heal itself

11
Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 1

• Which of the following was untrue about
  Clinton's Ditch?
• It was better to hire the local farmers because
  they were more resistant to disease
• Irish workers were usually used to work
• it required a lot of manpower
• none of the above

• Question 2

• What was the average life expectancy for a white
  person in 1850?
• 30-33 years
• 50-55 years
• 40-43 years
• 25-30 years

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Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 3

• Which contributed to the fact that African
  American children under 5s mortality rate were
  double the white races'?
• mothers would kill their babies so they didnt
  have to live in slavery
• the slave life didnt leave enough nutrition for
  a pregnant woman
• the slave owners would take away the children
• most African America women had their babies in
  winter, so they got hyperthermia

• Question 4

• Why was there such a sharp decrease in the
  average number of children from 1800-1900?
• the economic strengths of having many kids no
  longer outweighed the cost of having them
• people were too busy to have kids
• the food of the time didnt allow for child
  bearing
• the government restricted how many children a
  family could have

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Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 5

• Approximately one in _____ pregnancies were
  aborted from 1840-1860.
• 6
• 10
• 3
• 4

• Question 6

• Abortions were mainly used by _______ class
  women.
• Upper
• Middle
• Lower
• Yeomen

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Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 7

• The first American pharmacopeia is NOT...
• a list of medicines
• mainly herbal remedies
• a medical dictionary
• they are all correct

• Question 8

• Calomel is also known as __________.
• Tree bark
• Water
• Beer
• Mercury

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Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 9

• Medical Licensing was a (n) _________issue in
  America.
• Easily settled
• Controversial
• Not talked about
• None of the above

• Question 10

• Hydropathy...
• increased attention to clean water
• was not widespread
• both of the above
• none of the above

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Multiple Choice Answers

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. A

17
Works Cited

• Faragher, J, Buhle, M, Czitrom, D. (2003). Out
  of Many A History of the American People. Upper
  Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall
• The history of medicine 1800-1850. (2003).
  Retrieved from http//www.mnwelldir.org

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Chapters 13-15
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Outline

• Chapter 13
• early 1800's city living conditions- no
  municipal water supply, sewers, or garbage
  collection
• people threw garbage into streets that was then
  eaten by hoards of roaming pigs
• every American city suffered epidemics of
  sanitation disease like yellow fever, cholera,
  and typhus
• Philadelphia's yellow fever epidemic of 1793
  killed 4,000 people and stopped all foreign trade
  for than a month
• Philadelphia completed a city water system in
  1801 in response to the epidemic, but residents
  had to pay a fee only the rich could afford
• Neither New York or Boston had a public water
  system until the 1840's
• Garbage collection was a private service
• Cities charged for costs of sewers, water mains,
  and street paving
• poorer parts of the city couldn't afford it
• excessive drinking became a national issue
• religious reform would attempt to encourage men
  to take a bow not to drink
• drinking more of a man's problem because it was
  considered rude for women to drink in public
• they would drink alcohol based medicines like
  Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, which was 19
  alcohol and marketed for "female complaints"
• more than 7 gallons per capita of hard liquor per
  year in 1830, (double the amount of today)
• with drinking becoming more socially
  unacceptable, the per capita was less than 2
  gallons in the mid 1840's

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Outline Contd

• Chapter 14
• Farmers would cross the Overland Trails to
  Oregon's Willamette Valley because of promising
  economic opportunity and to get away from the
  malaria prone mid-west after being devastated by
  the Panic of 1837
• Cholera killed 1,000 people per year in 1849 and
  early 1850's
• spread by contaminated water
• causes vomiting and diarrhea
• led to extreme dehydration to death often in a
  single night
• Hawaiian men known for their sailing skills would
  join British and American fur ships, but died
  from European diseases

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Outline Contd

• 200 Years of American Medicine
• 1848 the Committee on Medical Literature of the
  AMA (chaired by Oliver Wendell Holmes) identified
  20 American medical journals
• The committee thought the journals needed to be
  more focused and not put such unworthy articles
  in them
• 1850 Lemuel Shattuck urged Massachusetts to form
  a state board of health that would encourage and
  promote local efforts
• The Massachusetts State Board of Health actually
  came to in 1869 and became a role model for other
  states
• People that were very influential of the time
  period
• J. Marion Simms
• (1813-1883)
• contributions to gynecology
• was very highly criticized for his inhumane
  surgeries he would perform on African American
  slave women without anesthetic

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Outline Contd

• William T. G. Morton
• (1819-1868)
• surgical anesthesia
• Joseph Leidy
• (1823-1891)
• contributions to paleontology
• studies on undercooked meat using microscopes
  encouraged society to thoroughly cook meat, or
  risk getting a parasitic infection
• Joseph J. Woodward
• (1833-1884)
• contributions to microscopy and photomicrography
• used aniline dyes to color tissues after death
• attended Abraham Lincoln's autopsy
• S. Weir Mitchell
• (1829-1914)
• work in clinical neurology
• experimented extensively with animals
• published 25 works and essays
• Surgeon General Joseph Lovell started what would
  become the National Library of Medicine
• 1818

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Identifying People

• Joseph Lovell

• started what would become the National Library of
  Medicine. It first began as a small, personal
  collection of books and today is its own building
  in Washington, DC.

• J. Marion Sims

• is called the "father of gynecology" today. There
  is a book titled J. Marion Sims Man or Monster
  Can We Judge a 19th Century Scientist By 21st
  Century Standards? which just proves how
  controversial his experiments and practices were
  and are.

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Key Terms

• Temperance- a movement in which a person
  completely gives up alcohol
• Photomicrography-a photograph that has been taken
  through a microscope
• Paleontology-the science of the forms of life
  existing in former geologic periods, as
  represented by their fossils.
• Aniline Dyes-the science of the forms of life
  existing in former geologic periods, as
  represented by their fossils.
• Massachusetts State Board of Health- established
  in 1869 and became a role model for other states

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Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 1

• Which of the following is NOT a sanitation
  disease?
• typhus
• cholera
• the flu
• yellow fever

• Question 2

• Cholera killed _____ people in 1849 and the early
  1850's.
• 1,000
• 1,500
• 2,000
• 500

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Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 3

• Joseph Lovell had his collection of books that
  would become the National library of Medicine in
  what year?
• 1847
• 1818
• 1765
• 1899

• Question 4

• ___________ men were brought in to work with
  British and Americans because of their great
  sailing skills, but most of them died from
  natural causes.
• Ethiopian
• Chinese
• Korean
• Hawaiian

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Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 5

• More than ___ gallons per capita in 1830 of hard
  liquor.
• 7
• 3
• 10
• 5

• Question 6

• Joseph Leidy worked in which of the following
  fields?
• gynecology
• neurology
• pediatrics
• paleontology

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Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 7

• Which of the following was a reason the farmers
  would cross the Overland Trails?
• the California Gold Rush
• Cholera was a big problem where they were coming
  from
• both of the above
• none of the above

• Question 8

• Which of the following was NOT a symptom of
  cholera?
• spread by contaminated water
• causes vomiting and diarrhea
• blindness
• led to extreme dehydration to death often in a
  single night

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Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 9

• Which of the following was true about 18th
  century living conditions in the city?
• they had garbage collection
• they had sewers
• wild dogs were a serious issue
• hoards of roaming pigs came and ate leftovers in
  street

• Question 10

• In the mid 1840's, which is NOT a reason the per
  capita for hard liquor drop to 2 gallons?
• drinking became socially unacceptable
• they found out heavy drinking hurts their livers
• the temperance movement claimed to bring them
  closer to God
• They are all true

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Answers

1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. B

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Works Cited

• Faragher, J, Buhle, M, Czitrom, D. (2003). Out
  of Many A History of the American People. Upper
  Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall
• U.S Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
  National Institutes of Health. (1976). 200 years
  of american medicine (76-1069). Retrieved from
  http//www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/pdf/200years.pdf

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Chapters 16-18
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Outline

• Chapter 16
• Robert Fitzgerald caught Typhoid Fever 5 months
  after enlisting
• 117 members of his regiment died of disease but
  only 7 in battle
• later discharged for poor eyesight
• antiseptics in "infancy" during war
• men died of minor wounds that got infected
• gangrene a common cause of death
• overcrowding and unsanitary conditions bred small
  pox, dysentery, typhoid, pneumonia, and malaria
  in the summer
• McClellan's Peninsular Campaign
• among 130,000 men, 1/4 of the unwounded were sick
  in July, 1862
• because disease is highest in August and
  September, Lincoln recalled McClellan and his
  army
• 24 hours after battle of Shiloh, many wounded
  still lay on the battlefield in rain
• some died of exposure, others drowned because
  they couldnt move
• Confederate prison camp of Andersonville in
  Northern Georgia was made to hold 10,000 men
• by midsummer, it was holding 33,000 men
• In the worst weeks of summer, 100 prisoners died
  of disease, malnutrition, or exposure each day

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Outline (contd)

• Army Nurses
• medical supplies armies couldnt provide were
  usually donated by the United States Sanitary
  Commission in the North and by women's volunteer
  groups in the South
• usually taking care of the sick was women's work,
  but when it came to wounded soldiers, some found
  it "unseemly" for a respectable woman
• wartime necessity trumped objections from
  doctors, who didnt want women no different than
  their wives or daughters to give them orders, and
  women became army nurses
• hospital nursing previously considered a job for
  a disreputable woman
• now considered a suitable job for middle-class
  women
• under leadership of Dorothea Dix with the
  Sanitary Commission
• by wars end, 3,000 northern women worked as paid
  nurses, and many more volunteered
• South had army nurses too, but were not as
  organized
• during the Seven Days Battles, the women
  established the first "roadside hospitals"
  because there was no more room in hospitals

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Outline (contd)

• Dentistry in the Civil War
• About 500 dentists in the South before the war
• Jeffery Davis (secretary of war) advocated for
  dentistry corps
• Confederate army had a dental program
• Similar idea rejected by Union Army
• Toothbrushes rare and diet inadequate
• Recruits turned down if they didnt have 6
  opposing upper and lower front teeth
• Considered necessary to bite off the end of power
  cartridges used to load rifles
• Battlefield Surgery
• Most common surgery was amputation
• Slow moving Minie bullet used caused catastrophic
  injuries
• Ex- the 2 minie bullets that hit John Bell Hoods
  leg at Ceickamauya destroyed 5 inches of his
  upper thigh bone, leaving surgeons no choice but
  to amputate
• The closer to the body the amputation was done,
  the more the increase in the wound being fatal
• An upper arm amputation had a mortality rate of
  24

36
Outline (contd)

• In North, out of 11,000 doctors, only 500 had
  performed surgery
• In South, there were 3,000 doctors and only 27
  had performed surgery
• People wounded in the head, stomach, or chest
  were usually put aside because they were probably
  going to die
• Use of antiseptics unknown, doctors wore blood
  and pus spattered clothes
• If something fell on the floor during surgery,
  theyd rinse it off in cool water and use it as
  if it was clean
• Operators wouldnt wash hands or wear gloves and
  would often probe wounds with their fingers
• Chloroform administered if available
• A good surgeon could amputate a limb in under 10
  minutes
• George Otis 5 principal advances of the Civil
  War
• Surgeons learned something about head injuries

37
Outline (contd)

• How to deal with ghastly wounds
• Learned how to litigate arteries
• Information on vertebrates and spines augmented
• theory and practice of chest wounds forwarded
• Surgical Fevers
• Because they were so focused on speed and not
  cleanliness, fevers were common
• Most common pyemia
• Mortality rate of 90
• Form of blood poisoning
• Means literally pus in blood
• Also tetanus- mortality rate of 87
• Erysepilas
• Hospital gangrene- now extinct

38
Key Terms

• Break bone Fever- An infectious disease which is
  characterized by severe pains in the eyes, head,
  and extremities and accompanied by catarrhal
  symptoms. Transmitted by the bite of a mosquito.
  AKA dengue
• Minie bullets-a conical bullet with a hollow base
  that expanded when fired
• Pyemia-a diseased state in which phylogenic
  bacteria are circulating in the blood,
  characterized by the development of abscesses in
  various organs
• Erysipelas- a very contagious skin disease due to
  areas being infected with a strep germ. It is
  characterized by redness and swelling of the
  affected areas. It generally lasted between 10
  and 14 days. Most infections of wounds were more
  likely not this disease and actually cellulitis
• Osteomytelitis- inflammation of bone. A common
  surgical fever

39
Identifying People

• Clara Barton

• U.S. philanthropist who organized the American
  Red Cross in 1881

• Dorothea Dix

• head of army nurses in the North. Was very
  strict, but not out of harshness. She just didnt
  want to deal with women becoming army nurses just
  to find husbands.

40
Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 1

• An upper arm amputation had a mortality rate of
  ____.
• 75
• 24
• 36
• 80

• Question 2

• The most common surgical fever was ______.
• Pyemia
• Tetanus
• Erysipelas
• Malaria

41
Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 3

• The US Sanitary Commission did all of the
  following EXCEPT
• provided help to poor African Americans
• oversaw army nursing in the North
• provided medicinal supplies to the North
• integrated antiseptics into the Southern army

• Question 4

• Which of the following was a common anesthesia
  medicine of the Civil War?
• None
• Propofol
• Chloroform
• Calomel

42
Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 5

• A good surgeon could finish an amputation in
  under ___ minutes.
• 5
• 20
• 60
• 10

• Question 6

• The bullets used in the war were not
• Minie bullets
• damage causing
• easy to remove
• explosive upon contact

43
Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 7

• The head of the army nurses in the North was
  _________.
• Clara Barton
• Dorothea Dix
• Abraham Lincoln
• Jeffery Davis

• Question 8

• Which of the following is untrue about pyemia?
• It literally means pus in the blood
• A blood poisoning
• Had a mortality rate of 90
• Was not usually an issue while recovering from
  amputations

44
Multiple Choice Quiz

• Question 9

• The _____ to the body the amputation was done,
  the more the increase in the wound being fatal.
• Closer
• Father away
• More parallel
• None of the above

• Question 10

• Which of the following was NOT one of the things
  George Otis said doctors learned from the Civil
  War?
• How to litigate arteries
• How to treat ghastly wounds
• How to treat infections
• Learned about head injuries

45
Multiple Choice Answers

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. C

46
Works Cited

• Faragher, J, Buhle, M, Czitrom, D. (2003). Out
  of Many A History of the American People. Upper
  Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall
• Goellnitz, J. (n.d.). Civil war battlefield
  medicine. Retrieved from http//www.ehistory.osu.e
  du