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The American Civil War

• Created by
• Alberto Guajardo
• Lamar Bruni Vergara Middle School

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The Industrial Revolution

• In Massachusetts, Francis Cabot Lowell built
  water or steam powered factories.
• Production of products increased and prices
  dropped.
• Eli Whitney contributed by developing in
  standardizing of parts by making them
  interchangeable.
• 1840 railroad lines criss-crossed parts of
  America, most important was New York Central
  which ran parallel to the Erie Canal.
• 1844 Samuel Morse invented the telegraph which
  created faster communication.

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Sectionalism

• North
• 1st area to become industrialized
• Center for manufacturing and shipping
• People worked in large workshops or factories
  which led to a population increase.
• People became wealthier, middle class began to
  grow
• New opportunities for merchants, bankers,
  managers, foremen, sales clerks and professionals
• Women and children worked in the factories to
  meet the needs of the family

• West
• Manifest Destiny
• Availability of cheap land and construction of
  national roads and canals opened the region to
  settlers
• The west became the new Bread Basket
• Farmers used machines like the mechanical plow,
  reaper and thrasher to produce grains, like wheat
  and corn.
• West had abundant timber, gold, silver, grazing
  land, and fertile soil.
• The removal of the Native Americans made
  accelerated westward expansion

• South
• The Plantation System
• Large farms cultivated cash crops like cotton,
  rice, tobacco and indigo through the use of
  Slavery
• With an over-emphasis of cultivating cash crops,
  the south ignored improvements like industry and
  transportation
• The south fell behind in railroads, factories and
  technologies
• 1792 Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin, which
  did the work of 50 slaves.
• King Cotton
• The south had to satisfy the demand for cotton
  from the Northern factories and from England.
• Demand for slavery increased

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Age of Reform

• Literature
• Ralf Waldo Emerson Transcendentalism
• People were born with an inborn guide or
  conscience which allowed them to recognize moral
  truth.
• 1848 Henry David Thoreau (student of Emerson)
  spoke out on Civil Disobedience, it was the duty
  of citizens to disobey unjust government
  policies.
• Other American authors emerged borrowing from the
  ideas of transcendentalism Nathanial Hawthorn,
  Herman Melville, Washington Irving, James
  Fennimore Cooper and Edgar Allen Poe.

• Second Great Awakening
• Protestant groups held outdoor religious services
  and emphasized salvation.
• These religious groups saw social reform as part
  of Gods Plan.
• They focused on repairing moral injustices.
• The Second Great Awakening played in important
  role in stirring reform movements to end Slavery,
  reform prisons, and ban alcoholic beverages.

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Slavery

• Reformers who believed slavery was morally wrong
  sought to bring an end to it. They were known as
  Abolitionists.
• 1833 - The British Empire had abolished slavery.
• 1838 - 1,350 anti slavery societies existed in
  the U.S. with 250,000 members.
• Southerners burned antislavery propaganda and
  excluded it from the mail Congress imposed a
  gag rule, to avoid abolitionist petitions.
• Former President John Quincy Addams spent his
  final political years fighting against the gag
  rule.

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Abolitionists

• 1853 Harriet Beecher Stowe, wrote the book Uncle
  Toms Cabin, which depicted the evils of Slavery
  stirring up the conscience of the North.
• William Lloyd Garrison published The Liberator, a
  newspaper that spoke out against slavery.
• Frederick Douglass published anti-slavery
  writings and delivered speeches throughout the
  North.
• Harriet Tubman was instrumental in the
  Underground Railroad which helped many fugitive
  slaves to escape to Canada .
• In 1859 John Brown launched a slave revolt at
  Harpers Ferry.

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States Rights

• The isue of Slavery became tied to States Rights
  .
• Southerners argued that the federal government
  was failing to respect the arrangement in the
  Constitution that had bound the states together.
• South believed that the North West were using
  the federal governments power to charge high
  tariffs and challenge the preservation of
  slavery.
• In 1828 Vice President John C. Calhoun stated
  that states had the right to nullify a federal
  law within its borders or to secede from the
  Union.
• The principle of states rights eventually led to
  the secession of several southern states from the
  Union in 1860-1861.

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Compromises

• The Missouri Compromise of 1820, prohibited
  slavery north of the 36, 30 line.
• The Compromise of 1850, California was admitted
  into the Union as a free state, but allowed Slave
  owners to hunt down their escaped slaves under
  the Fugitive Slave Law.
• Kansas-Nebraska Act, Popular Sovereignty people
  should decide if the area should be a free or a
  slave state.
• 1857 Dred Scott Decision A southern slave named
  Dred Scott sued for his freedom. The court ruled
  Slaves were not citizens they were property. The
  government cannot lawfully prohibit slavery in
  the new territories therefore the Missouri
  Compromise of 1820 was found unconstitutional.

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Secession

• Abraham Lincoln (abolitionist) won the
  Presidential Election of 1860 South Carolina and
  6 other immediately seceded from the Union,
  before Lincoln even took office.
• The seceding Southern States formed the
  Confederate States of America and elected
  Jefferson Davis as their President.
• Lincolns First Inaugural Address stated that no
  state can lawfully get out of the Union.

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The War Begins

• On April 12, 1861 Confederate forces fired on
  Fort Sumter in South Carolina which initiated the
  Civil War.
• After the North surrendered at Fort Sumter, four
  more states seceded.
• Some Southern states remained loyal to the Union.

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Balance Sheet North v. South

• Population
• North 22 million
• South 6 million (free citizens)

• Transportation
• North had more railroads, canals, ports, and
  roads than the South

• Resources
• NorthMore Factories and more food
• SouthRural agricultural communities produced
  cotton and cash crops lacked manufacturing

• Leadership
• NorthPresident Lincoln was
• a better leader than J. Davis .
• SouthGen. Robert E. Lee
• was a superior in military leader.

Navel Power South few war ships North had
powerful navel ships to block off the southern
ports
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War Strategies

• The North

• The South

• Gen. Winfield Scotts Anaconda Plan Surround the
  South like a giant snake to prevent them from
  receiving supplies from Europe.
• Lincoln sent Union forces to take control of the
  Mississippi River to split the Confederacy in two.

• Southerners were motivated to fight to uphold
  their way of life.
• Northern attacks would be met by Confederate
  citizens defending their homes the plan was self
  defense.
• South would depend on European allies for support.

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• Battle of Manassas AKA Battle of Bull Run

• Battle of Antietam AKA Battle of Sharpsburg

• July 1861 - 30,000 Union soldiers marched toward
  Richmond, but were defeated by Confederate Gen.
  Stonewall Jackson and his 22,000 troops.
• The Union was forced to retreat

• Davis and Lee believed that they could win the
  war if they invaded the North.
• In 1862 Lee crossed into Maryland, Confederate
  troops were met by Union troops at Antietam Creek
  .
• This was the bloodiest single day of the war
  6,000 soldiers were killed.
• Lee retreated to Virginia.

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Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln used the victory at Antietam as the
  occasion for the announcing of the Emancipation
  Proclamation.
• Lincoln wanted to give the war a greater moral
  purpose and wanted to prevent Britain and France
  from siding with the South.
• The Emancipation Proclamation only freed the
  slaves in the rebelling states, not in the loyal
  border states.

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Turning Point of the war The Battle of Gettysburg

• In 1863 Lee and his troops moved North to cut off
  Washington D.C. from the rest of the Union.
• Union and Confederate soldiers met at Gettysburg,
  Pennsylvania.
• After 3 days of heavy fighting, Lee retreated
  suffering many casualties and never being able to
  go on the offensive against the North.
• 51,000 men were killed or injured.

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The Gettysburg Address

• 1863 President Lincoln was invited to the
  battlefield to dedicate a cemetery to the Union
  soldiers who had died there.
• He read 2 minutes long simple and eloquent speech
  to an audience of 20,000 people.

The world will little note, nor long remember
what we say here, but it can never forget what
they did here. It is for us the living, rather,
to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which
they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here
dedicated to the great task remaining before us
-- that from these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the
last full measure of devotion -- that we here
highly resolve that these dead shall not have
died in vain -- that this nation, under God,
shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that
government of the people, by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from the earth.
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Battle of Vicksburg

• After Union Commander David Farragut captured the
  City of New Orleans. Northern troops made their
  way up the Mississippi River to split the
  Confederacy.
• Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant army won the Battle
  of Vicksburg.
• The Confederate troops surrendered after a 47 day
  siege.
• The residents of Vicksburg faced starvation after
  the siege they ate rats, shoe leather and weeds.
• Some residents went to find refuge in caves dug
  into the hillsides to avoid the hammering of the
  siege artillery
• Grants victory cut the Confederacy in half.

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Grant Takes the Lead

• Lincoln was so pleased with Grants victory at
  Vicksburg that he placed him in charge of all
  Union forces.
• Grant made his goal the total destruction of
  Confederate forces and Southern economic
  resources.

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Shermans March to Sea

• Gen. Shermans orders from Grant were to further
  divide the Confederacy.
• Union forces marched from Atlanta to Savannah
  tearing up railroads, cut telegraph lines, and
  burned down farms, businesses and villages.
• Union Troops lived off the land.

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Lincoln Wins Presidential Election of 1864

• Lincolns reelection was uncertain he had been
  criticized for the his handling of the war.
• The Union army had suffered many losses and some
  voters in the North were outraged by the
  Emancipation Proclamation, claiming Lincoln had
  gone too far.
• His main opponent was George McClellan Commander
  of Union forces at Antietam.
• Thanks to recent Union victories Lincoln won the
  election.

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Lees Surrender

• In April 1865, Richmond, Virginia, the capital of
  the Confederacy, the South fell to Union army.
• Lee met Grant at Appomattox Court House.
• Under Grants terms Lee and his men surrendered
  and were pardoned.
• All Confederate arms were collected.
• Both generals signed the document of surrender.
• The war was officially over.

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Lincolns Assassination

• On April 15th, 1865 in Washington D.C. exactly
  four years after his call to put down the
  rebellion, Lincoln was assassinated by John
  Wilkes Booth.
• The assassin was an actor who believed Lincoln
  was a tyrant so he shot him in the back of the
  head at Fords Theatre.
• Lincoln died the following day.
• Had Lincoln lived, he was prepared to forgive the
  South and work together as Americans dedicated to
  a system of government based on liberty, equality
  and unity.

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Works Cited

• Jarrett, Mark, Stuart Zimmer, and James Killoran.
  Mastering The 8 Social Studies TEKS.
  Ronkonkoma, NY Jarrett Publishing, 2011.
  Print.
• Microsoft Images