Science Skill: Observing

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Science Skill Observing

• Observing Using your five senses to find out
  whats going on around you.
• What are your five senses?
• What kind of tools can you use to observe
  something of a smaller size?
• What is the difference between an observation and
  an inference?
• DEMONSTRATION

2
Classifying Data

• Data the information your collect when you
  observe something
• Why is it important to classify things?
• Activity Classifying Can Tabs

3
Modeling and Simulating

• Model A way to show what a very small or a very
  large object looks like.
• Simulation A kind of model that shows a process
• What kind of simulations can you do on a
  computer?
• Movie Clip Apollo 13

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LAB

• Introduction and Safety

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ORDER for LAB NOTEBOOK

• Pg 1 safety rules
• Pg 2 first aid in the chemistry lab
• Pg 3 lab write-up format
• Pg 4 5 drawing of equipment, labeled with
  uses for equipment given

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SAFETY FIRST

• "I didn't mean to"
• and
• "It wasn't my fault
• are two statements that have no place in the
  lab. If someone is hurt or equipment is broken,
  these statements cannot undo the harm.

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LAB REPORTS

• 1. TITLE 5 Points
• has to be a question
• 2. PURPOSE 5 Points
• state the purpose of the lab
• 3. HYPOTHESIS 10 Point
• what you think will happen (related to the
  purpose)
• 4. MATERIALS 10 Points
• all materials used in lab
• 5. PROCEDURES 20 Points
• a numbered list of all steps taken
• 6. RESULTS 25 Points
• graph or table
• 7. CONCLUSIONS 25 Points (Questions and
  Applications)
• statement of whether hypothesis was right or
  wrong

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SAFETY TEST ANSWERS
12. C 13. D 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. C 19.
B 20. B 21. B 22. A

• 1. B
• 2. A
• 3. C
• 4. B
• 5. B
• 6. B
• 7. C
• 8. D
• 9. D
• 10. A
• 11. B

• 23. A
• 24. D
• 25. A
• 26. A
• 27. C
• 28. C
• 29. B
• 30. C
• 31. C
• 32. D
• 33. B

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The Scientific Method
1. State the problem 2. Form a hypothesis 3.
Experiment--test the hypothesis 4. Observe and
Analyze data 5. Draw conclusions which will
either support or not support the hypothesis and
set what will need to be done next.
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The problem asks why you are performing the test
and what you want to find out.
The hypothesis a possible explanation for the
problem.
The experiment tests the effect of one thing on
another using controlled conditions.
A variable a quantity that can have more than
one value.
The dependent variable changes according to
how the other variables change it is plotted
graphically on the y-axis (goes up and down).
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The independent variable the variable changed
by the experimenter.
The constant the factor that remains the
same/does not change in the experiment.
The control the part of the experiment that
does not receive any variable to make sure that
any results you see are because of the
independent variable being changed.
The observation using the senses to
gather important information about the experiment.
Bias expectations of the scientists that
change the outcome of the experiment.
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The Scientific Method

• Variable Problem
• An experiment was designed to investigate the
  effect of caffeine on the heartbeat of water
  fleas. Two populations of water fleas were
  cultured. Both populations had water with the
  same mineral content, were supplied with
  identical amounts of bacteria as food, received
  the same amount of light, and had their
  temperature maintained at 20ºC. Every two hours,
  water fleas from both populations were selected
  and their heartbeats were monitored. The fleas of
  population one had caffeine administered five
  minutes before their heartbeat was checked. The
  fleas of population two were given nothing.
• a. independent variable c. constant
• b. dependent variable d. control
• 1. What part of the experiment was the food?
• 2. What part of the experiment was the
  heartbeat?
• 3. What part of the experiment was the water
  temperature?
• 4. What part of the experiment was population
  two?
• 5. What part of the experiment was the
  caffeine?

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SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLSObserving and Comparing
Modeling and Simulating
Analyzing Data
Measuring Classifying Data
Communicating Results Making
Predictions

1. You make a circle graph that shows the favorite
   subjects of the students in your class.
2. You determine how many kilometers it is from your
   house to the shopping mall.
3. You think the girls basketball team will win
   tonights game since they have won all their
   other games.
4. You separate your laundry into piles according to
   color.
5. You smell smoke.
6. You build a replica of the Mayflower.
7. You draw a map of the rooms in your house.
8. You obtain 3 cups of flour to bake some bread.
9. You explain how to solve a math problem to a
   friend.
10. You organize a pile of beads into groups of
    different sizes.

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Examples of the scientific method

• Fat Mice/ Skinny Mice
• The Case of the Sleeping Frog
• Two Plants
• Designing Your Own experiment
• Alka-Seltzer Lab or Thirsty Towels

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• Some other important terms to know
• theory an explanation of things or events based
  on
• knowledge gained from many observations and
• investigations.
• scientific law a statement about what happens in
• nature that seems to be true all the time it
  predicts
• behavior you would expect.

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Distinguishing between Science and Technology

• Science a process of inquiry that searches for
  relationships that explain and predict the
  physical, living, and designed world
• Technology the application of scientific
  discoveries to help people through the
  development of products and processes

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Science Technology

• Identifies a problem- asks a question
• Researches related information
• Designs an experiment or investigation
• Conducts experiments- repeated trials
  
• Analyzes the results
• Evaluates conclusion-hypothesis supported or not
• Communicates the findings

• Identifies a problem or a need
• Researches related information
• Designs a process / product
• Implements process/ product-repeated tests
• Analyzes the results
• Evaluate process/ product- did it meet criteria?
• Communicates the product

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You Decide Technological Development or
Scientific Investigation?

• Development of triple layered solar cells that
  supply more energy to the Mars rover.
• Determination of the distribution and composition
  of the rock and soil surrounding the Mars
  Exploration landing site.
• Search for geological clues to the environmental
  conditions that existed when water was present on
  Mars.
• New path planning software that allows the Mars
  Rover to avoid rocks and other barriers.
• Activity Float the Boat

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Can you answer this?

• If the pencil is 63 dafts long and 3 riles wide,
  how many pencils could fit into a 45 hart box?

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Standards of Measurement

• Standard an exact quantity that people agree to
  use for comparison.
• Why would it be helpful for scientists to have
  standards of measurement?

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Precision and Accuracy

• Accuracy refers to how correct a measurement is
• Precision is the measure of the degree to which
  measurements made in the same way agree with one
  another
• Note It is possible to have a high degree of
  precision and have poor accuracy!

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III. PRECISION VS ACCURACY

1. precision degree of exactness
2. accuracy extent to true value

3. Accurate but not Precise.
3
1
4
1. Neither Precise nor Accurate
4. Accurate and Precise.
2. Precise but not Accurate
2
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SI Units

• SI stands for the French Le Systeme
  Internationale dUnites. In English it is said
  international system of measurement.
• Why do we use SI units instead of English Units?
• Based on units of ten so it is easy to convert
  between different prefix measurements.

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SI Units

• Length
• Meter
• Mass
• Gram
• Temperature
• Kelvin
• Time
• Second
• Volume
• Liter

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Converting Between SI Units

• SI Units are easy to convert since they are in
  multiples of 10.
• Kilo-
• Hecto-
• Deca-
• Base
• Deci-
• Centi-
• Milli-

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Tip to Remember

• To help with unit conversions, just remember the
  phrase King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate
  Milk
• If a unit has only one letter, it is a base unit
  (m, L, g)
• Can also use dimensional analysis (conversion
  factors)

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Conversion of Units

• Convert changing one unit of measure into a
  different unit of measure that represents the
  same amount
• 1. time, length, mass
• 2. Dimes to dollars / dollars to dimes
• 3. 365 days to seconds
• 4. WKSHT

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Section 4 - Measurements

• The SI unit of length is the meter
• Always be sure to measure objects using the
  metric (centimeter) side of a ruler or meter
  stick.
• Be sure to place the zero mark on the ruler at
  one end of the object, and read the reading off
  of the other end of the ruler.

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Area

• Area The amount of space an object takes up.
• Area length x width
• The unit of area is either cm2 or m2 (depending
  on the units you are multiplying)
• What is the area of a rectangle that is 5cm wide
  and 10cm long?

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Mass

• Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
• The unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
• The mass of an object can be found using a
  balance.

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Volume

• Volume is the amount of space something takes up.
• The unit of volume is the liter (L)
• Liquid volume can be found using a graduated
  cylinder.
• To find the volume of a solid, multiply its
  length x width x height (units will be cm3 or m3
  depending on the units you used to measure)

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Volume of Irregular Objects

• Displacement the replacement or pushing aside
  of a volume of water, or any fluid, by an object
• When an object is shaped irregularly (meaning you
  cant measure its length, width or height using
  a meter stick), you can find the volume of that
  object using displacement

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Steps for Finding Volume of an Irregularly Shaped
Object

• Pour water into a graduated cylinder marked to
  show volume.
• Record the volume of water.
• Carefully place object in container of water.
• Record the new reading.
• The volume of the object is equal to the
  difference in the two volume readings.

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Density

• Density is the mass per unit volume of a
  substance.
• Density Mass / Volume
• Density is a physical property of matter.
• What is the density of an object with a mass of
  15g and a volume of 3 cm3 ?

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Derived Units

• We have now talked about three types of derived
  units?
• Can you guess what they are?
• Why would we call these derived units?

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Temperature

• The temperature is how hot or cold an object it.
• The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K)
• In labs, we will use the metric unit Celcius (C)
  to determine temperature.
• The temperature of an object can be found by
  using a thermometer.

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Graph a visual display of information or data.

• Types of graphs
• Line graph shows a change over time dependent
• variable on the y-axis independent variable on
  the
• x-axis
• bar graph useful for comparing information
• collected by counting
• circle or pie graph used to show how a fixed
• quantity is broken down into parts or
  percentages
• pictograph compares quantities using pictures to
  
• represent relative amounts no example in book

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When Graphing, be sure to

• Title your graph
• Label each axis with the name of the variable and
  the appropriate unit of measure
• The intervals on each axis should be marked in
  equal increments
• Remember DRY MIX
• Activity Organizing Data

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• 1. One day Bob wanted to see how many people in
  all his classes had orange eyes, purple eyes, and
  red eyes. So he took a survey and came up with
  the following in his 1st period class there were
  12 people with orange eyes, 5 people with purple
  eyes, and 3 people with red eyes. In his 2nd
  period class, there were 15 people with orange
  eyes, 8 people with purple eyes, and 6 people
  with red eyes. In his third period class there
  were 6 people with orange eyes, 8 people with
  purple eyes, and 2 people with red. In his last
  class, there were 2 people with orange eyes, 0
  people with purple eyes, and 13 people with red
  eyes.

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• 2. Jane wanted to see if she could find a pattern
  in the weather so she made a table to track the
  following the temperature, the dew point, and
  relative humidity. The first day it was 65 F,
  the dew point was 54, and the R.H. was 45. The
  second day the temperature was 70 F, the dew
  point was 69, and the R.H. was 98. On the third
  and final day the dew point was 30, the relative
  humidity was 50 and the temperature was 59.

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• 3. Bob and Jane both were walking through on
  their farm when they had an idea. To help keep
  track of the animals they wanted to create a
  graph. They have chickens, hogs, dogs, and cows.
  They started off with 25 chickens, 30 hogs, 7
  dogs and 50 head of cattle. The first week 5
  chicks were hatched, 7 hogs sent to the butcher,
  and 2 calves were born. In the second week 10
  piglets were born, 6 chickens went to the
  butcher, and 1 dog ran away. In the third week 8
  puppies were born, 3 calves were born, 2 chicks
  hatched, and 12 head of cattle were sent to the
  butcher.