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Day Nine: Speaking Persuasively

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Title: Day Six: Preparing your speeches Author: cornishy Last modified by: InTime Created Date: 5/1/2002 1:51:41 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Day Nine: Speaking Persuasively


1
Day Nine Speaking Persuasively
  • by Yana Cornish
  • Hamilton Business College

2
Agenda
  • Short speeches
  • Review Homework Quiz
  • Chapters 16 17 Persuasive Speech
  • Individual discussions about speeches

3
Homework for Next Class
  • Complete outline bibliography for persuasive
    speech
  • Prepare Entertainment Survey

4
Persuasive Speaking
5
Goals of Persuasive Speaking
  • Encourage audience members to change their
    opinions
  • Ask for something from the audience- their
    agreement or change of behavior- instead of
    giving them information.

6
Persuasive strategies
  • Establish credibility
  • Use logic
  • Support your view with evidence
  • Use emotion
  • State problem and your solution clearly
  • Resources p. 375 pp. 408-409 in the book

7
Adapting to Audience Attitudes
  • Three different types of audiences for persuasive
    speeches
  • -audiences that agree with you
  • -audiences that disagree with you
  • -neutral audiences
  • The speaker has to understand why the audience
    disagrees in order to adapt their message.
  • Example An audience of homeowners may agree
    that their property taxes are too high, whereas a
    group of college students may support more taxes
    for higher education.

8
Strategies for Agreeing Audiences
  • Aim to strengthen existing attitudes and
    behaviors.
  • Present new information to remind audience
    members why they agree with you.
  • Strengthen resistance to opposing arguments.
  • Excite the audiences emotions by using and
    examples and stories.
  • Provide a personal role model and course of
    action by telling them what you have done, and
    how they can do the same.

9
Strategies for Disagreeing Audiences
  • Set reasonable goals and dont expect radical
    changes in opinions and behavior.
  • Find common ground with a belief, value, or
    opinion that you and your audience share.
  • Example Even smokers and nonsmokers may agree
    that smoking should be prohibited on school
    grounds.
  • Accept and adapt to differences of opinion by
    acknowledging the legitimacy of their opinions.
  • Use fair and respected evidence
  • Build your personal credibility to help achieve
    your purpose.

10
Strategies for Neutral Audiences
  • Persuade the uninformed by
  • -gaining their attention and interest
  • -providing information
  • Persuade the unconcerned by
  • -gaining their attention and interest
  • -giving them a reason to care
  • -presenting relevant information and evidence
  • Persuade the adamantly undecided by
  • -acknowledging both sides of the argument
  • -providing new information
  • -emphasizing the strength of arguments on one
    side of the issue

11
Characteristics of credibility
  • Trustworthiness being believable and honest
  • Dynamism being perceived as energetic
  • Charisma characteristic of a talented,
    charming, and attractive speaker

12
How to establish credibility
  • Appearance
  • Eye contact with the audience
  • Describe your credentials (briefly)
  • Establish common ground with the public
  • Support your argument with evidence
  • Be well organized in your speaking
  • Present well-delivered (prepared) speech

13
Use logic and evidence
  • Inductive reasoning use specific examples to
    reach general, probable conclusions
  • Reasoning by analogy
  • using comparison to predict how something will
    turn out

14
Use logic and evidence
  • Deductive reasoning reasoning from a general
    statement to reach specific conclusion.
  • Casual reasoning presentation of two or more
    events that are somehow connected, focusing on
    the fact that one event may have caused the other
    one(s).

15
Forms of Persuasive Proof
  • Logical- Are your arguments reasonable? Does your
    presentation make sense?
  • Emotional- Did you use the audiences joy, fear,
    anger, etc. to strengthen your argument?
  • Personal- Can you establish and rely on your
    credibility? Does the audience see your character
    as charismatic and competent?
  • Narrative- Are there stories, sayings, and
    symbols that address the values and beliefs of
    the audience?

16
How to support your reasoning
  • Facts
  • Inferences conclusions based on available
    evidence, or partial information
  • Examples to support facts
  • Opinions
  • Statistics

17
Direct or Indirect Persuasion
  • Use direct persuasion if audience members are
    highly interested and able to think critically.
    Research and logic are more effective with this
    approach.
  • Use indirect persuasion when the audience is less
    involved. Rely on interest factors such as
    stories, humor, and good examples.

18
Tips for Persuasive Speeches
  • Use persuasive evidence that is novel,
    believable, and dramatic
  • -Novel - new and interesting evidence to
    persuade those who disagree.
  • -Believable - explain why your evidence is true
    and why your sources are worth believing.
  • -Dramatic - make your evidence memorable with
    attention-getting comparisons and stories.
  • Create memorable slogans- many products and
    famous speeches are associated with their
    slogans, like when Martin Luther King, Jr.
    proclaimed, I have a dream

19
Tips for Persuasive Speeches
  • Address audience needs and benefits- satisfy the
    audiences needs of safety and belonging by using
    pronouns such as we, our, and us.
  • Enlist celebrities- especially good for the
    indirect route of persuasion, can help your own
    credibility.

20
Persuasive Organizational Patterns
Problem/Cause/Solution
  • Describes a serious problem and why it continues
    to exist, and offers a solution.
  • Works best when you are proposing a specific
    course of action.

21
Persuasive Organizational Patterns Better Plan
  • Best when used for a difficult problem
  • This pattern lets you present a plan that will
    improve a situation and help solve a problem
    while acknowledging that a total solution may not
    be possible.
  • The plan should be good and workable, and better
    than the current plans
  • Example increased deer hunting is a better plan
    for decreasing the deer population

22
Persuasive Organizational Patterns Overcoming
Objections
  • Select appropriate forms of proof and persuasive
    evidence to overcome objections.
  • Use when people disagree with your topic or when
    faced with a difficult solution.
  • Tell the audience what they should do and give
    them reasons why they should do it.
  • Example can be used when trying to persuade
    listeners to donate blood.

23
Persuasive Organizational Patterns Monroes
Motivated Sequence
  1. The Attention Step- capture the audience
  2. The Need Step- Show the audience there is a
    problem related to the individual needs and
    interests that should be solved.
  3. The Satisfaction Step- Propose a plan of action
    that will solve the problem and satisfy audience
    needs.
  4. The Visualization Step- Describe what life will
    be like after the plan is implemented.
  5. The Action Step- Ask audience members to act in a
    way that benefits the plan.

24
Persuasive Organizational Patterns Persuasive
Stories
  • Rely on narrative and emotional proof to show how
    people, events, and objects could be affected by
    the change youre seeking.
  • Can be very effective for a neutral audience.

25
Avoid
  • Causal fallacy making false cause-and-effect
    connections between two things
  • Bandwagon fallacy reasoning that is based on
    common beliefs and majority opinions
  • Either-or fallacy oversimplifying an issue as
    having only one of two outcomes/choices

26
Avoid
  • Hasty generalizations reaching conclusion
    without adequate evidence to support it
  • Attacking the person rather than attacking idea
    itself
  • Red herring use irrelevant facts of information
    to distract someone from the issue that needs to
    be discussed

27
Avoid
  • Appeal to misplaced authority use of
    credibility of someone to endorse an idea or
    product without the person having appropriate
    credentials or expertise to provide such
    endorsement
  • Non sequitur idea or conclusion does not
    logically follow the previous idea or conclusion
    (does not follow).

28
How to use emotion to persuade
  • Use concrete examples that help listeners
    visualize
  • Use emotion-stimulating words
  • Motherland
  • Children
  • Freedom
  • Use nonverbal behavior to communicate your
    response

29
How to use emotion to persuade
  • Use visual images
  • Use appropriate fear appeals
  • Appeal to emotions
  • Hope
  • Pride
  • Courage
  • Reverence
  • Tap listeners beliefs in shared myths

30
Homework for next week
  • Complete outline bibliography for persuasive
    speech
  • Prepare Entertainment Survey
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