Chemistry

1
Chemistry

• Chapter 2

2
Atomic Structure

• Particles Charge Mass
• Proton 1 1 amu
• Neutron no charge 1 amu
• Electron - 1 0 amu

3
Chemical Bonds

• Ionic bonds electrons are transferred
• Cation Anion
• Covalent bonds electrons are shared
• Polar (slight charge)
• Nonpolar (no charge)
• Hydrogen bonds (weak intramolecular bonds)

4
Chemical Reaction

• Synthesis
• Decomposition
• Single Displacement
• Double Displacement
• Hydrolysis
• Dehydration

• A B ? C
• C ? A B
• AB C ? AC B
• AB CD ? AD CB
• H2O C? A B
• A B H2O ? C

5
Energy Transfer

• Endothermic / Endergonic Absorption of energy
• Exothermic / Exergonic Release of energy

6
Rate of Reaction

• Temperature increase in temperature leads to
  an increase in kinetic energy (faster moving
  particles)
• Particle Size increased surface area allows
  particles to collide more frequently.
• Concentration the more concentrated a solution
  is, the more likely the particles will collide.
• Catalysts (enzymes) help by lowering the
  amount of energy needed for a reaction to
  proceed. (not used up during the rxn)

7
Acids and Bases

• pH scale (0 14) (measures the hydrogen ions in
  a soln)
• Acid (sour taste corrosive)
• molecule capable of releasing H
• molecule that absorbs a OH-
• Base (bitter taste slippery)
• molecule capable of absorbing H
• molecule that releases a OH-
• Titration balancing acid and base

8
Salts

• Formation of a salt
• HCl NaOH gt H2O NaCl
• Salt is an ionic compound that contains cations
  other than H and anions other than OH-

9
Buffers

• Buffer - a substance that either releases or
  absorbs H and helps to prevent a drastic change
  in pH.
• When the buffer runs out the pH will again begin
  to fall with the addition of more H.

10
Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides simple sugar (single chain or
  ring) ex glucose, galactose, fructose
• Disaccharides double sugar ex sucrose,
  lactose, maltose
• Polysaccharides many sugars ex starch,
  glycogen, cellulose,

11
Lipids

• Fats, Oils, Waxes
• Higher number of C H bonds than carbohydrates
• Used for Lubrication, Waterproofing, Insulation,
  Energy Storage
• Saturated vs. Unsaturated
• Phospholipids, Steroids, Triglycerides

12
Proteins

• Composed of 20 different amino acids. (vary by
  the side chain R-group)
• What makes one protein different from another is
  the amino acids making it up and the order of the
  amino acids.
• Each amino acid has an amine group (-NH2)
• and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

13
Protein Formation

• Peptide bond formation long chains of amino
  acids joined by a dehydration reaction
• Proteins are classified based on function.
• Folding of proteins creates different structures
  primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
• Proteins can form bonds with themselves or other
  proteins

14
Protein Classification

• 2 ways of classifying proteins
• Structural Protein fibrous proteins composed
  of intertwined chains, resembles a rope, used for
  support, insoluble (ex collagen)
• Functional Proteins globular proteins
  compact and spherical, water soluble, chemically
  active, mobile (ex antibodies, enzymes, and
  protein-based hormones)

15
Protein Denaturation

• Denaturing heat or pH effects hydrogen bonds in
  a globular protein and can permanently change it
• Denaturation destroys active sites
• ex hemoglobin becomes unable to bind and
  transport oxygen when blood pH is too high

16
Molecular Chaperones

• Globular proteins that prevent incorrect folding,
  help move certain ions across cell membranes,
  break down damaged/denatured proteins, etc.
• Ex stress proteins- produced in response to
  traumatizing stimuli

17
Enzymes

• Globular proteins that act as catalysts
• They regulate and accelerate biochemical
  reactions
• Each enzyme is chemically
• specific

18
Nucleic Acids

• DNA
• Found in the nucleus
• Blueprint of life (CGAT)
• Inheritable
• RNA
• 3 types
• mRNA (messenger)
• tRNA (transfer)
• rRNA (ribosomal)
• Single Stranded
• Uracil replaces thymine
• ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate
• energy