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Title: Advanced Reaction Topics


1
Advanced Reaction Topics
2
Advanced Reaction Topics
  • Reaction Rates
  • Equilibrium
  • Acids and Bases
  • Redox Chemistry

3
Reaction Rates
4
Reaction Rates
  • Things that affect the rate of a reaction
  • Temperature
  • Increasing the temperature 10C doubles the
    reaction rate typically
  • Concentration
  • Surface Area
  • Catalyst
  • Every reaction is different and has a different
    reaction rate.

5
Collision Theory
  • Reactions happen when molecules collide with each
    other
  • The reaction only happens IF
  • They collide with enough energy
  • They collide with the right orientation.

6
How Do They Relate?
  • Things that affect the rate of a reaction
  • Temperature
  • Increasing Temperature increases the energy in a
    collision.
  • Concentration
  • Increases the number of particles in the same
    volume and therefore the number of collisions
  • Surface Area
  • Increases the accessible area for collisions

7
Equilibrium
8
Fishbowl Demo
  • What are the characteristics once it reaches
    equilibrium?
  • The amount of reactants and products is not
    changing
  • Reactions are still occurring in both the
    forward and reverse direction.
  • The rate of the reactions is the same at
    equilibrium

9
Characteristics of Equilibrium
  • The amounts of the reactants and products do not
    change while the system is at equilibrium.
  • Consider N2 3H2 ? 2NH3

Notice the double half arrows
10
Characteristics of Equilibrium
  • The forward and reverse reactions still both
    occur but at the same rate.
  • For this reason, equilibrium can also be called
    dynamic equilibrium

11
Acids and Bases
12
Hydrochloric Acid
  • HCl(aq)
  • What type of compound is it?
  • What type of electrolyte is hydrochloric acid?

13
Hydrochloric Acid
  • Why does it light up?
  • What must be present in solution?
  • Is hydrochloric acid an ionic compound?
  • No. It is in a small subset of covalent compounds.

14
Hydrochloric Acid
  • It must be making some ions in solution
  • What are the ions?
  • HCl H2O ? H3O(aq) Cl-(aq)

15
Hydrochloric Acid
  • H3O is called the hydronium ion
  • Things that make hydronium ions in water are
    called acids.

16
A Word About Hydronium
  • Depending on how you look at it acids make
  • H - hydrogen ion
  • H3O - hydronium ion
  • The two are interchangable
  • H H2O ? H3O
  • Anytime you see one it can mean the other.

17
Common Acids
  • Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • Muriatic acid
  • Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  • Battery acid
  • Nitric acid (HNO3)
  • Acetic acid (HC2H3O2)
  • Vinegar
  • Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
  • Citric Acid
  • Lactic Acid
  • Ascorbic Acid
  • Vitamin C
  • Acetylsalicylic Acid
  • Aspirin
  • Stearic Acid

18
Common Bases
  • Sodium hydroxide
  • Lye, Caustic Soda
  • Calcium hydroxide
  • Lime
  • Magnesium hydroxide
  • Milk of magnesia
  • Ammonia
  • Sodium hypochlorite
  • Bleach
  • Sodium hydrogen carbonate
  • Baking Soda
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Chalk
  • Tums

19
Acids and Bases
  • Arrhenius Definitions
  • Arrhenius Acid a substance that dissociates and
    produces hydronium ions in water
  • Arrhenius Base a substance that dissociates and
    produces hydroxide ions in water
  • Brønsted-Lowry Definitions
  • Brønsted-Lowry Acid a substance that donates a
    hydrogen ion (H) (a proton)
  • Brønsted-Lowry Base a substance that accepts a
    hydrogen ion (H) (a proton)

20
Acid and Base Definitions
  • There is quite a bit of overlap between the
    definitions
  • HCl H2O ? Cl- H3O
  • HCl dissociates and produces hydronium ions
  • Arrhenius Acid
  • HCl donates an H to water
  • Brønsted-Lowry Acid
  • All Arrhenius Acids are Brønsted-Lowry Acids and
    vice versa.

21
Acid and Base Definitions
  • Relations between the base definitions are not as
    simple.
  • NaOH dissolves in water to form Na and OH-
  • Arrhenius Base
  • NaOH H ? Na H2O
  • Brønsted-Lowry Base
  • Hydroxides are both Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry
    Bases.
  • Non-hydroxide bases cant be Arrhenius bases
  • No hydroxide obviously
  • Non-hydroxide bases will be Brønsted-Lowry bases
  • CO32- H ? HCO3-
  • NH3 H ? NH4

22
Acid and Base Definitions
  • Arrhenius acids and bases are tied to water
  • Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases are not.
  • Brønsted-Lowry can be used to describe reactions
    in the gas phase or in other solvents besides
    water.

23
Acid-Base Definitions
  • Monoprotic acid an acid that has one ionizable
    hydrogen
  • HCl, HNO3
  • Diprotic acid an acid that has two ionizable
    hydrogens
  • H2SO4
  • Triprotic acid an acid that has three ionizable
    hydrogens
  • H3PO4
  • What kind of acid is acetic acid, HC2H3O2?
  • Monoprotic
  • Typically only hydrogens written first are
    ionizable.

24
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25
Autolysis of Water
  • Water spontaneously splits itself
  • 2H2O ? H3O OH
  • An equilibrium system.
  • Makes equal parts hydronium and hydroxide
  • Equal parts acid and base
  • Water is neutral.

26
Autolysis of Water
  • We will use brackets to represent molarity
  • H3O is the molarity of the hydronium ion.
  • When acids and bases are dissolved in water
    H3OOH Kw 1x10-14

27
Acid Base Reactions
  • Acid Base Neutralization Reaction
  • HA B ? A HB
  • Transfer of hydrogen ions (H)
  • Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions
    are mixed

28
Acid Base Reactions
  • Acid Base Neutralization Reaction
  • HA B ? A HB
  • Transfer of hydrogen ions (H)
  • Acetic acid and barium hydroxide solutions are
    mixed.

29
Acid Base Reactions
  • Acid Base Neutralization Reaction
  • HA B ? A HB
  • Transfer of hydrogen ions (H)
  • Ammonia and sulfuric acid solutions are mixed

30
Acid Base Reactions
  • Acid Base Neutralization Reaction
  • HA B ? A HB
  • Transfer of hydrogen ions (H)
  • Hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfide solutions
    are mixed.

31
Acids
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Is it an electrolyte?
  • Why is it an electrolyte?
  • Acetic acid
  • Is it an electrolyte?
  • Why is it an electrolyte?
  • Why doesnt it light up as much as hydrochloric
    acid?

32
Strength of Acids and Bases
  • Hydrochloric acid completely dissociates
  • HCl H2O ? H3O Cl-
  • Acetic acid doesnt make as many ions
  • Acetic acid partially dissociates
  • HC2H3O2 H2O ? H3O C2H3O2
  • Around 0.5 of acetic acid molecules make
    hydronium ions
  • Reactant side is very favored.

33
Strength of Acids and Bases
  • Strong acid or base an acid or base that
    completely reacts with water to form hydronium
    ions or hydroxide ions.
  • Strong acids hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric
  • Strong bases LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH,
    Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
  • Weak acid or base an acid or base that
    partially reacts with water to form hydronium
    ions or hydroxide ions.
  • Weak acids everything except the above
  • Weak bases everything except the above

34
Strong Acid
Weak Acid
35
Strength of Acids and Bases
  • Strength does not describe concentration
  • Consider
  • A bottle of glacial acetic acid (99)
  • A bottle of concentrated sulfuric acid (98)
  • Both have (nearly) the same concentration
  • Acetic acid will not ionize as much in water as
    sulfuric acid will
  • Acetic acid is a weak acid

36
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37
Concentration of Acids
  • If not all acids completely dissociate in water
  • The concentration of the acid molecules is
    different for every acid
  • The concentration of the hydronium ion in
    different acids is different
  • Need a system that describes the concentration of
    acids.

38
pH
  • pH -log H3O
  • Also define a relationship for the amount of base
  • pOH -log OH
  • How do you reverse a log?
  • 10-pH H3O
  • 10-pOH OH

39
How are pH and pOH related?
  • Kw H3OOH
  • log Kw log (H3OOH)
  • log Kw log H3O log OH
  • log 1x10-14 log H3O log OH
  • -14 log H3O log OH
  • 14 -log H3O -log OH
  • 14 pH pOH

40
pH Scale
  • Take 7 minutes to fill in this pH scale using the
    chemical formulas you know.

41
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42
Practice Problems
  • What is the pH of a solution with H of
    1.0x10-3 M?

43
Practice Problems
  • What is the pOH of a solution with H of
    1.0x10-3 M?

44
Practice Problems
  • What is the OH- of a solution with a pH of 9.00?

45
Practice Problems
  • What is the OH- of a solution with an H3O
    concentration of 1.0x10-5 M?

46
Practice Problems
  • What is the pH of a solution with a hydronium ion
    concentration of 2.55x10-4M?

47
Practice Problems
  • What is the pOH of a solution that has a
    hydronium ion concentration of 5.50x10-8 M?

48
Indicators
  • Colored compounds that are sensitive to changes
    in pH
  • Indicators will change color based on how acidic
    or basic the conditions around it are
  • Chemical reaction with the acids or bases

49
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50
Universal Indicator
  • Universal Indicator is a mixture of different
    indicators.
  • Resulting color depends on each of the four
    indicators states

51
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52
Redox Chemistry
53
Electrolysis
  • Run a current through water.
  • Splits water into hydrogen and oxygen
  • 2H2O ? 2H2 O2

54
Oxidation Numbers
  • Describes the relative amount of electrons
    associated with a particular atom
  • Has no actual physical meaning (for the most
    part)
  • Only an electron bookkeeping method.

55
Oxidation Numbers
  • Every uncombined element in its natural state has
    an oxidation number of zero.
  • The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is its
    charge.
  • Remember the following
  • Fluorine in a compound is always -1
  • Hydrogen is a 1 normally in a compound. It is
    -1 when a hydride.
  • Oxygen is almost always -2 in a compound unless
    it is a peroxide (-1)
  • The sum of the individual oxidation numbers on
    every atom in a species is equal to the overall
    charge on that species.

56
Oxidation Numbers Practice
  • Give the oxidation number of every element in the
    following compounds.
  • CHF3

57
Oxidation Numbers Practice
  • Give the oxidation number of every element in the
    following compounds.
  • BaCl2

58
Oxidation Numbers Practice
  • Give the oxidation number of every element in the
    following compounds.
  • KNO3

59
Oxidation Numbers Practice
  • Give the oxidation number of every element in the
    following compounds.
  • S2O32-

60
Oxidation Numbers Practice
  • Give the oxidation number of every element in the
    following compounds.
  • P4

61
Oxidation Numbers Practice
  • Give the oxidation number of every element in the
    following compounds.
  • (NH4)2C2O4

62
Oxidation and Reduction
  • Oxidation - chemical process involving the loss
    of electrons.
  • Reduction chemical process involving gaining
    electrons.
  • LEO the lion goes GER
  • OIL RIG

63
Oxidation and Reduction
  • Consider
  • MnO4- C2O42- H ? Mn2 CO2 H2O
  • What element has been reduced?
  • What element has been oxidized?
  • What species reacted with the element that was
    reduced?
  • This is the reducing agent.
  • What species reacted with the element that was
    oxidized?
  • This is the oxidizing agent.

64
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65
Vanadium Oxidation States
  • Vanadium oxidation states.mov

66
Practice
  • Identify the element oxidized, the element
    reduced, the species that is the oxidizing agent,
    and the species that is the reducing agent in
  • I- ClO- H ? I3- Cl- H2O

67
Practice
  • Identify the element oxidized, the element
    reduced, the species that is the oxidizing agent,
    and the species that is the reducing agent in
  • H Cr2O72- C2H5OH ? Cr3 CO2 H2O

68
Half Reaction
  • Different Parts of redox reactions are
    interchangable
  • We split redox reactions into two parts
  • Oxidation half reaction
  • Reduction half reaction
  • Write the compounds or ions involved and show
    which ones are losing and gaining electrons

69
Practice Problems
  • Cu Ag ? Cu2 Ag

70
Practice Problems
  • Al H ? Al3 H2

71
Practice Problems
  • F2 Cl- ? F- Cl2

72
Practice Problems
  • Sn2 Fe3 ? Fe2 Sn4

73
Balancing Redox Reactions
  • This gets ugly.
  • Must follow the process.

74
The Rules Copy the Rest
  • Split the overall reaction into two half
    reactions, one for oxidation and one for
    reduction.
  • Balance each half reaction separately
  • Balance everything but O and H
  • Balance O by adding H2O where necessary
  • Balance H by adding H where necessary
  • Balance the charge by adding electrons.

75
The Rules Copy the Rest
  • Make the number of electrons in the two half
    reactions agree by multiplying the entire half
    reaction by coefficients.
  • Add the two half reactions and cancel identical
    species
  • Double check to make sure everything (elements
    and charge) is balanced!!!!!!!!
  • These rules apply to reactions occurring under
    acidic conditions thats all we need for this
    class

76
Practice Problems
  • Dichromate and iodide ions react in acidic
    solution to form chromium(III) and iodate ions.

77
Practice Problems
  • Permanganate ions and methanol (CH3OH) react to
    form manganese(II) ions and formic acid (HCO2H)
    in acidic solution.

78
Practice Problems
  • Arsenic metal and chlorate ions react in acidic
    solution to form arsenous acid (H3AsO3) and
    hypochlorous acid (HClO)

79
Practice Problems
  • Solid iodine reacts with hypochlorite ions to
    form iodate ions and chloride ions in acidic
    conditions.

80
Practice Problems
  • Arsenic metal and chlorate ions react in acidic
    solution to form arsenous acid (H3AsO3) and
    hypochlorous acid (HClO)
  • Solid iodine reacts with hypochlorite ions to
    form iodate ions and chloride ions in acidic
    conditions.
  • Oxalate ions (C2O42-) and permanganate ions react
    in acidic conditions to form manganese(II) ions
    and carbon dioxide.
  • Dichromate ions react with hydrogen peroxide to
    produce chromium(III) ions and oxygen gas in
    acidic conditions
  • Aluminum metal reacts with iodate ions in acidic
    solution to form aluminum ions and solid iodine.

81
Uses of Redox Chemistry
  • Batteries
  • Harnessed flow of electrons driven by redox
    reaction.
  • Car battery

PbO2(s) Pb(s) 2H2SO4 ? 2PbSO4(s) 2H2O
82
Alkaline Batteries
Zn 2MnO2 ? ZnO Mn2O3
83
Fuel Cells
  • 2H2 O2 ? 2H2O

84
Electroplating
85
Corrosion
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