Growth of International Trade

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Growth of International Trade

• 1000-1500 CE

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OBJECTIVES

• Interconnectedness of global trade pre-1450
• Trade links from Greenland to Western Europe
• Western and Eastern Europe to Muslim World
• Muslim world to Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia
• East Africa to India to SE Asia to East Asia
• Role of Central Asia in Trans-Eurasian trade
• Global Trade did not begin with the European
  maritime empires
• Cultural diffusion resulted from trade
• Facilitated rise of Europe before 1450
• Spread civilization to periphery of established
  cultures
• Spread religions and technology
• Show influence of trade routes

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TRADE MAP c. 100 C.E.
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THE POST-CLASSICAL CENTER

• Muslim World was the trade center
• Muslim countries linked all continents
• The Hajj came to link all Muslims together
• Trade became associated with the Hajj, Muslim
  cities
• Quran is VERY favorable to merchants
• Required fair, honest business practices
• Trusted merchants as Muhammad had been one
• Exchanges not limited to goods
• Ideas including religion exchanged
• Technology exchanged
• Diseases exchanged
• Populations exchanged

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THE MUSLIM WORLD, 1500 CE
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TRADE IN THE MUSLIM WORLD
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ASIAN LAND TRADE ROUTES

• Established during Han Dynasty by Nomads
• Chinese paid nomads tribute in silk, traded for
  horses
• Nomads traded silk, horses for glass, iron in
  West
• Silk Roads Across Central Asia
• Terminals Antioch (Syria) and Changan (China)
• Shorter trunk lines to India, Across Russia, to
  Africa
• Products
• Silks, teas and porcelain from Guangzhou,China
• Woolen cloth, horses, and ivory from Central Asia
  
• Rubies, silver, pepper, and ebony from India
• Carpets, linen, brocade, ceramics, iron from
  Muslim world
• Wine, perfume, glass, silk, slaves, olive oil
  from Byzantines
• Furs, wood, amber, slaves, and grain from Kievan
  Russia

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IMPORTANCE OF LAND TRADE

• Spread Religions
• Islam to Central, Western Asia, China
• Buddhism to China, Korea, Japan
• Christianity to Russia, China, India
• Technology diffused throughout Eurasia
• Foodstuffs, germs, flora/fauna diffused
• Mongolians kept trade routes open, working
• Influenced European desire to get to China
• Influence European desire to bypass Muslims

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MAP OF THE SILK ROAD
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AFRO-EURASIAN TRADE c. 1400 C.E.
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TRADE CONNECTIONS
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TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE

• The Camel
• Made trade across desert possible
• Could carry great loads to trade
• From West Africa
• Gold, ivory, slaves, exotic feathers, spices
• Male slaves carried goods, then sold
• From Muslim North Africa
• Cloth, glass, metalwork, books
• Merchants, missionaries, travelers visited

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AFRICAN TRADE NETWORKS
Finished Goods, Iron Weapons, Books, Horses,
Spices
Gold, Slaves, Ivory, Feathers
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SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANS-SAHARAN AND EAST AFRICAN
TRADE

• Spread Civilization and Rise of Powerful African
  States
• Aided in the rise of West African Empires
• Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, Hausa people
• Swahili Culture blends Islam and Bantu elements
• Swahili trading cities Zanzibar, Pemba, Pate,
  Mogadishiu
• Zimbabwe
• Central African Bantu kingdom
• Links Cultures to Wider World
• Contact between the Mediterranean and Sahel
  Africa
• Linked East Africa to S.W. Asia and India
• Linked Forest West Africa to Sahel regions
• Linked Central Africa to East Africa
• Provided most of Eurasias pre-Columbian gold,
  Islams slaves
• Spread Islam to West Africa

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MARITIME TRADE ROUTES

• Maritime Routes co-existed with land routes
• Often safer than land because fewer stops
• Seas nevertheless were not as forgiving as the
  land
• Requirements to maintain
• Secure governments and states with agreements
• Merchant conventions for exchanges
• Elimination of piracy
• Good navigation technology, knowledge of the
  seasons
• Items with high profit margins to exchange
• Cities on coast with protected harbors link to
  land routes
• Primary Geographic Areas
• North Sea, Baltic Sea, English Channel
• Mediterranean and its adjacent bodies of water
• Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf
• Bay of Bengal, Straits of Malucca, East China Sea

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IMPORTANT OF MARITIME ROUTES

• Established cross-cultural contacts
• Exchanged ideas
• Furthered development of new ideas
• Opened interiors to trade with coast
• Coasts often most developed
• New ideas, products spread inland
• Caused rise of trading cities
• Port cities and entrepots grow into key cities
• Many became their cultures leading cities
• Spread religions
• Spread diseases

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TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE

• Danish-Norwegian Empire
• Settled Faroes and Shetland Islands,Iceland,
  Greenland
• Conquered parts Scotland, Ireland, England
• Created new states in Normandy, S. Italy, S.W.
  Asia
• Products
• Furs, fish, and walrus ivory from Greenland
• Iron, wood, glass, and grain from Norway
• Wheat, wool, jewelry, leather from England,
  Ireland
• Swedish state ruled Sweden, Finland
• Products
• Iron, copper, wood, fish, grain from Sweden
• Wax, honey, skins, slaves, amber from Russia,
  Finland, Baltic
• Established state in Russia
• Spread Christianity to Periphery lands
• Both later established ties to Hanseatic League

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MAP OF THE VIKING WORLD
LONGSHIP
KNÓRR
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EUROPEAN TRADE ROUTES

• European Revival around 1000 CE
• Cities began to rebuild, expand
• Church was a major supporter of this revival,
  expansion
• Many cities on pilgrimage routes
• Manufacturing arose again as did guilds
• Giant Fairs arose as merchants moved goods
  between cities
• North Sea/Baltic Trade Routes
• Hanseatic League Northern German cities
• Maintained factories, trading depots in
  neighboring lands
• Cloth, wines, fish, timber, salt, iron, amber,
  copper
• Flanders and Low Countries Brugges, Ghent
• Cities prospered under supportive nobles
• Came to specialize in woolens, wines, fine
  manufactures
• Both Hansa and Venice had trading agreements with
  Flanders

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HANSEATIC TRADE ROUTES
COG
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MEDITERRANEAN TRADE

• Cities Constantinople, Alexandria and Venice
• Byzantine Empire
• Major terminus on the Silk Roads until 1206
• Stole technology to raise silk from Chinese
• Provided a large market and stable currency for
  whole region
• Venice
• Fine glass, woolens, cloth, wines from Europe
• Naval fleet (mude) was a middleman to transport
  goods
• Spices, silks, and other Asian goods to Europe
  from Muslim regions
• Egypt
• The commercial centers between three continents
• Linked Europe, Africa, Middle East, Indian Ocean
  regions
• Long distance trade handled by middlemen
• Jews between Europe and Muslim world
• Armenians, Nestorians between Muslim world and
  Asia

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EUROPEAN MEDITERRANEAN TRADE ROUTES
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INDIAN OCEAN NETWORK

• Not a united network but a series of routes
• Parts
• Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabia
• Bay of Bengal to Straits of Malucca
• Malucca to South China Sea
• One ethnic group dominated each zone
• Arabs in Western
• Indians in Central
• Chinese in Eastern
• The largest peaceful zone of exchange of period
• Groups had no formal agreements but cooperated
• States kept piracy down to minimum
• Groups met at key entrepot cities to exchange
  items
• Linked to Mediterranean and Silk Road by land
  routes

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INDIAN OCEAN TRADE ROUTES
SILVER LACQUER SILK PORCELAIN SUGAR LUXERIES TEA
CLOTH YARN SILKS INDIGO PEPPER GEMS ANIMALS DRUGS
COFFEE SLAVES IVORY HORSES SILKS GOLD STEEL
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TRAVELERS COMPAREDMarco Polo and Ibn Battuta
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EAST ASIA

• China was central to East Asia
• China was economically self-sufficient
• During periods, trade in the nature of tribute
• Ambassadors brought goods to Emperor
• Emperor sent out gifts
• Trade arose with increased contacts
• Central Asian nomads demanded silk tribute
• Chinese demanded horses as tribute
• Nomads traded silk for finished goods in S. W.
  Asia
• Buddhist missionaries to China from India traded
• Spread of civilization to Vietnam, Korea, Japan,
  SE Asia
• Religious artifacts, luxuries often largest part
  of trade

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SONG CHINA

• Greatest period of Chinese trade
• Cities often based on trade
• Great interest in Chinese goods
• Coins, bank notes, banking
• Merchants obtain great influence
• Hangchow was built on trade
• Chinese merchants active in Asia
• Porcelain, lacquer, paper
• Guns and gunpowder
• Silk

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MONGOL EMPIRE

• Mongol Empire united Central Eurasia
• Most lands of the Silk Road within empire
• Linked distant trading partners for first time in
  history
• Mongols tolerated, trusted merchants
• Used foreign merchants for official business
• Used as emissaries
• Often used to govern lands ruled by Mongols
• Merchants protected by order of Khan
• Merchants could travel freely with permission
• Exchanges
• Ideas
• Diseases especially the Black Death
• Technology especially gunpowder and fire arms

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THE MONGOL EMPIRE
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CHANGES DISRUPTIONS

• Challenges
• Mongol Empire destroyed most existing states
• Constant warfare turned friends into enemies
• Newer technologies made war more disruptive
• Black Death disrupted trading patterns
• Merchants spread disease, died first
• Cities, the basis of trade threatened, weakened
• Rise of Gunpowder states in 15th century
• Guns formed great power ships very different
• Destroyed nomads (Mongols), ended Silk Road
• Ottoman Turks monopolize SW Asian trade
• Portugal looks to end Venetian, Turk monopoly

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TRADE ROUTES SPREADS BLACK DEATH
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MING CHINA

• Ming Overthrew Mongols in China
• Reestablished traditional belief systems
• Neo-Confucianism becomes state philosophy
• Merchants relegated to lower status
• Foreign contacts distrusted
• Trade is limited as China is economically
  autarkic
• Ming reestablish tributary status
• Tributary exchange of goods, gifts
• Sends out navy to reestablish system, search
• Foreign trade limited to one port Guangzhou

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MING CHINA
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PORTUGUESE ATLANTIC TRADE

• Early Portuguese exploration
• Establishes navigation school, trains sailors
• Seeks to break Muslim-Italian monopoly
• Establishes colonies at Maderia, Azores, Canaries
• Create sugar plantation systems
• Eliminates natives
• Plants sugar
• Uses African slaves precursor to New World
  acquisitions
• Begins switch of slaves to Middle East to slaves
  to Atlantic
• Raids and contacts along West African coast
• Establishes contacts with Africans, trades for
  gold, slaves
• Strengthens resolve for water route to Asia
• Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut

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THE PORTUGUESE WORLD